Crisis Management of Potential Site Risks in Quebec

Imagine a world with no trees, no healthy grass, no glaciers, or no living creatures at all. The cause of this tragedy could be the increase in heat in the Earth’s atmosphere due to global warming. If global warming continues to increase, the world will be left empty. The Earth has been around for a long time, and many feet have walked on it, but no one has walked on this Earth without trees, grass, or creatures. With global warming, the Earth’s meteorology gets too warm, and all of the glaciers will start to melt. Global warming occurs when an increase in the carbon dioxide levels causes the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere to rise. The Earth’s meteorology is often a subject explored in literature. For example, “Chronicles of Ice” talks

Earth has experienced many episodes of dramatic climate changes with different periods in earth history. There have been periods during which the entire planet has been covered in ice and at another time it has been scorchingly hot and dry. In this regards, earth has experienced at least three major periods of long- term frigid climate and ice ages interspersed with periods of warm climate. The last glacial period which current glaciers are the result of it, occurring during the last years of Pleistocene, from approximately 110,000 to 10,000 years age (Clayton, 1997). Indeed, glaciers present sensitive indicators of climate change and global warming and by estimating and monitoring the dynamic evolution of these ice masses, several

California’s unique geography as a state makes it a very appealing place to call home. From the odd east to west transverse San Gabriel mountain ranges of the Los Angeles Basin, to the bumpy coastal ranges of the Bay Area, any person can find a compatible topographic terrain to their liking. California may seem to be the perfect place to live with its ideal climate and extensive geographic features. However, due to California’s location over the shifting continental plates, coupled with its enormous and also multiple faults, at any time this great state can fall victim to a seismic disaster. After examining evidence from both Rong-Gong Lin’s II Los Angeles Times article of April 18, 2016 and the NOVA videos Killer Quake ( 2006), Earthquake (2007), as well as Geologic Journey II – Episode 3 (The Pacific Rim: Americas) – Part 3 (San Francisco) and The Great San Francisco Earthquake (American Experience ~ 2005), one can take a comparative account of the three major earthquakes of California’s past. Although each earthquake was very devastating on is own; the Great Quake 0f 1906, the Loma Prieta quake of 1989, and the NorthRidge quake of 1994 each amounted to an extensive forfeiture of property and life. Each of these earthquakes created much suffering and loss. It is imperative for each citizen of this great state to understand the damage that a California quake can actually do and be prepared; for the threat of one always looms.

But the most common one is flooding. Most of the worst floods in Canada happen in the Prairies. For example the southern Alberta flood started on June 19 2013 with heavy rainfall and ended June 28 2013. There were 100,000 people evacuated from their homes and 4 people died from this tragic natural disaster. The flooding was the most expensive natural disaster ever in Canada. Insurance had to pay 1.7 billion dollars and an estimated 2.2 billion in cost. 5 ways to prepare for this natural disaster are to put weather protection sealant around basement windows and the base of around-level doors, install the drainage for downspouts a sufficient distance from your residence to ensure that water moves away from the building, consider installing a sump pump and zero reverse flow valves in the basement floor drains, do not store your important documents in the basement and make sure you have food and water because you don’t know how long a flood could go

According to the research report, it will cause thousands of people die, towns submerged, buildings and bridges damaged once a huge earthquake and tsunamis happened on the Pacific Northwest area near American coast. And losses will be estimated at over 5 billion dollar US dollars. This shocking article was composed by seismic safety advisory committee in Oregon. According to materials, a super-strong earthquake once happened in A.D. 1700 Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) on the Pacific Northwest coast. There are some experts forecast that another super-huge earthquake will occur in the future. The report has shown that once the earthquake occurs, the regions from North California to British Columbia Coastal region will suffer devastation, cause heavy casualties. Water and electricity shortage issues definitely follow this heavy disaster, meanwhile, communication and heating system and gas supply will definitely broken off in the light of this earthquake. The CSZ is a 1,000 km long dipping fault that stretches from Northern Vancouver Island to Cape Mendocino in northern California. It separates the Juan de Fuca (Juan

In recorded history, there have been 151 earthquakes in Nevada that were a magnitude of 3.5 or higher. As previously mentioned, the mountain ranges of Nevada are typically bound on one side or the other by a fault. There are quaternary faults that range in ages from less than 150 years to around 1.8 million years in existence. The property damage in Nevada from earthquakes was .2 million dollars between 1196 and 2014 based on information from department of energy for the state. As we studied in our textbook, earthquakes can by a number of things, such as shifting faults, or volcanic

Recently, District of North Vancouver has released the results of a detailed five-year study that models a shallow 7.3 magnitude earthquake, with epicentre in the Strait of Georgia, risk in the municipality. Although this might not be the worst-case scenario,it still provides useful information in terms of determining the vulnerability of North Vancouver facing an earthquake. The bright side of the evaluation is that majority of people live in wood frame houses, which are inherently better able to withstand earthquake damage and most are built on stable, solid ground. That would be especially important if an earthquake struck at night, when most people are home.The dark side is that areas likely to be most impacted by ground shaking and soil failure in an earthquake, especially buildings in several low-lying waterfront areas would likely be topple as sandy soils were subject to liquefaction just like the below figure has shown where the red parts indicate areas near the shore or the waterfront is facing structural failure and danger of collapse. Looking to the upper regions, it is shown in this scenario that these areas would receive no significant structural damage when experienced a 7.3 magnitude earthquake. In general, North Vancouver is less dangerous under the condition

Earthquakes are something that happen every day all around the world. Most earthquakes are very small and go unfelt, however every once and while there are massive earthquakes that cause tremendous damage to life and property. Sonoma County has a lot of fault lines running through it. These faults line are; the San Andreas Fault, the Rodgers Creek Fault, the Maacama Fault and the Healdsburg Fault. Since 1855, there have been more than 140 earthquakes that have actually been felt where we live in Santa Rosa Area Of the earthquakes that have cause damage, the worst damage was caused by; 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, 1969 Rodgers Creek/ Healdsburg Fault Earthquake, 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, 1994 Northridge Earthquake. We should use the data of past earthquakes in our area to help come up with a plan in case there is another major earthquake in Sonoma County. Data suggests that there is a 63% probability of at least one magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake striking somewhere in the San Francisco Bay Area before the year 2032. The key to surviving and earthquake is to be prepared.

Another influential factor that affects the degree of the hazard is where the epicentre is closer to a rural or urban area. Rural area tend to cope with earthquakes much better as there are less buildings that are likely to collapse and rural areas are typically sparsely populated, therefore a smaller amount of people are likely to be affected by the impacts of the earthquake. However, rural areas are less likely to have the infrastructure that could cope with the impacts of a serious earthquake whereas cities do, e.g. earthquake buildings. Many people in rural areas also have less knowledge of the impacts of earthquakes and may not know how to respond during or after the quake. In densely populated urban areas such as L’Aquila, Italy the effects of earthquakes can be much more detrimental as gas pipes can burst, habitats can be lost and thousands of buildings can be damaged. These in turn can have negative secondary affects for example in L’Aquila 70,000 people were made homeless and the bursting of gas pipes resulted in the spread of fire across the city, causing more damage.

Natalie Starkey, a writer for The Guardian, writes to explain that even areas that are not prone to earthquakes may still experience them due to drilling. Companies have denied having any ties to the rising number of quakes. The earthquakes that will appear will be very dangerous in most cases. The lack of regulation can be tied back into this issue since there are no laws on where companies can

According to the Canadian Disaster Database, in Toronto’s recent history, dating back to the 1940’s, Toronto has been a victim of 9 natural disasters. This includes a winter storm in 2013, a flood in 2013, an epidemic of Legionnaires' disease in 2005, a tornado in 2005, a flood in 1992 and 1976, a hurricane in 1954, a heat event in 1953 and another winter storm in 1944.

The most common cause of earthquakes is movement along faults. Earth’s crust is divided into tectonic plates, which grind past each other at fault boundaries. As tectonic plates move,

3. Earthquakes of a magnitude 6 or greater may occur one every 50 – 330 years. The last “Big One” was estimated to be around 700 years ago.

The Arctic is global warming’s canary in the coal mine. It is a highly sensitive area which is profoundly affected by the changing climate. The average temperature in the Arctic is rising twice as fast as elsewhere in the world (nrdc.org). Because of this, the ice cap is getting thinner, melting away, and rupturing. Here is an example of this; the largest ice block in the Arctic, the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, had been around for 3000 years before it started cracking in 2000 (nrdc.org) By 2002, the Ward Hunt has cracked completely through and had started breaking into smaller pieces. The melting ice caps are affecting the earth and its inhabitants in many ways. In this paper, the following concepts and subjects will be

It’s recognized as the second deadliest earthquake in New Zealand following the 7.8 Hawkes bay Earthquake (Kaiser et al, 2012). The earthquake was first thought to be an aftershock of the 7.1 Darfield earthquake of September 2010 at the eastern edge. This was an area that originally was of a low earthquake occurrence rate since prior to 2011 there was no knowledge of a fault’s existence thus catching the New Zealand citizens off-guard. The Christchurch earthquake resulted in 185 casualties affecting more than 300,000 people (Kaiser et al, 2012). The earthquake first made contact with in the South Islands, only 10 km away from the center of Christchurch. Ground motions were unusually large near Christchurch measuring 2.2 g and 1.7g at the epicenter, the point directly above