Critical Comment On Diseases And Diagnosis

Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, is an endemic condition that affects 20 million people in the United States alone. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis and is defined as a gradual process of destruction and degeneration or wearing away of the joint cartilage which typically occurs in the older individual age 50 and over (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330487-overview#a0101). . Although this diease is well known for its association with the natural aging process, it is also prevalent in athletes. Specifically, osteoarthritis of the knee has been said to be the most commonly affected area as a majpr weight bearing joint and is a growing epidemic in relation to sports injuries in the young adult. http://www.webmd.com/osteoarthritis/guide/ostearthritis-of-the-knee-degenerative-arthritis-of-the-knee. According to, (Vincent), among upper and lower reported extremity sites, the most common region for osteoarthritis to manifest is p’in the medial compartment of the knee. The risk of knee osteoarthritis from knee joint injury is high; approximately 50% of individuals with an ACL or meniscus tear develop knee osteoarthritis [10-15]. A long-term prospective study indicated a relative risk for knee osteoarthritis of approximately 5 for any previous injury of the knee [13]. As cited in, _____, Thelin and colleagues determined that injury of the knee joint was associated with all knee OA in a

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease. It’s where flexible tissues in the end of the bones wear down. It mostly occurs in knees, hips, lower back, fingers, and the neck. In Osteoarthritis, the cartilage in the bone breaks down which causes pain, swelling, and problems in moving the joint. When it worsens over time, one can get spurs, where bones break down and develop growths. Even though this can occur in anyone, ones who are over the age of 65 will most likely get Osteoarthritis. Some risk factors will include the increasing of age, obesity, genes, weak joint muscles, previous joint injury, and the overuse of the joint in the body. Some related signs/symptoms can be swelling around a joint, stiff joint, and/or having a clicking sound

This problem usually occurs sooner in women, and can lead to bone fractures due to osteoporosis (Kart et al., 1992). Women have higher levels of pain severity and more disabilities than men (Fillingim et al., 2009). Therefore, elderly people with musculoskeletal pain avoid physical activity because of increasing pain. Eventually, this tendency for them to engage in less physical activity will lead to a declining physical function, especially when muscle weakness is accompanied by joint pain, joint instability, and

In approximately five percent of OA cases, the disease appears in younger individuals, who typically then have a predisposing condition. This can be joint deformity and/or laxity, previous joint injury, or some underlying metabolic disease, such as diabetes mellitus, alkaptonuria, or hemochromatosis. Marked adiposity can also predispose individuals to osteoarthritis. This is attributed largely to the increased load on weight-bearing joints in these patients. In fact, two in three people who are obese may develop significant knee osteoarthritis in their lifetime.2 The disease is called secondary osteoarthritis in these

Osteoarthritis indicates joint disorders, characterized by symptoms of pain and stiffness. It includes metabolic processes of destruction and reparation. Osteoarthritis is classified as primary (idiopathic) or secondary, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. primary OA of the knee is a process of degeneration of the articular surface occurs without an obvious underlying abnormality. The manifestations of OA arise from high stresses on the normal joints or normal stresses on weakened joints, increasing in severity and frequency with age. The most commonly affected joints with osteoarthritis are large, weight-bearing joints, such as the knee and hip, and also smaller joints in the hands, feet. Unfortunately, treating articular

Arthritis is defined as the inflammation in joints causing the them to become stiff, less flexible, and painful (Simmers). Millions of adults and half of all people over the age 65 are distressed by this ailment along with the other forms of arthritis: osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis occurs when an individual's cartilage begins to deteriorate allowing the bones to rub together. This is most often diagnosed in the excessively used hands, neck, and lower back, as well as the weight-bearing knees and hips. When diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, the body attacks the lining of a joint leading to inflammation in it. Rheumatoid arthritis does not just attack the joints, but it also attacks significant organs. (“Senior”) To reduce arthritis pain experienced by a person, increased physical activity and self-management education is suggested (“Arthritis”). Osteoporosis, a condition in which bones lose calcium and other minerals, accounts for bone embrittlement. According to Jeffrey Curtis and Monika Safford, “It has been estimated that ten million people in the United States alone have osteoporosis, with almost thirty-four million more having low bone mass. The elderly population accounts for most of the burden, with seventy percent of all fractures sustained by those aged at least 65 years.” (Curtis) These diseases create problems because seniors can easily fall and encounter trouble with fine finger movements leading to extra visits to the hospital. Older adults with arthritis tend to seek care from physical therapists to assist in mobility and flexibility of the joints to alleviate

OA is a musculoskeletal disease that causes chronic joint pain and reduced physical functioning (Laba, brien, Fransen, & jan, 2013). Osteoarthritis (OA) is a non-inflammatory disorder of synovial joints that results in loss of hyaline cartilage and remodeling of surrounding bone. OA is the single most common joint disease, with an estimated prevalence of 60% in men and 70% in women later in life after the age of 65 years, affecting an estimated 40 million people in the United States (Goodman & Fuller, 2009). Women are more commonly affected after the age of 55, almost everyone has some symptoms by the age of 70 (Tan, Zahara, Colburn & Hawkins, 2013, p.78). Osteoarthritis can be described radiological, clinical, or subjective.

The etiology (cause of disease) of Osteoarthritis (OA) is due the events of primary osteoarthritis and secondary osteoarthritis Primary osteoarthritis (idiopathic) results due to natural aging of the joints. OA causes pain, swelling, and reduced motion in your joints. As you get older water content of cartilage increases and the protein makeup of cartilage will degenerate. Cartilage will begin

The study demonstrates the importance of physical activity in later years of life. Middle-aged women who were physically active for many years, showed a lower prevalence of OA at the knee than women who were not active. This is important for patient education for those with knee

However, humans are not the only ones to experience this degenerative joint disease. Scientists have found fossils, showing osteoarthritis in many animals, including dinosaurs (Jurmain and Kilgore, 1995:443). These pathological lesions are universal and can be identified, enabling us to comprehend how humanity has developed (Larsen, 1997:165). There are multiple reasons for osteoarthritis to form and can include repetitive use of our joints from exercise, activity, work, or even forced labor brought on during

2. Examination: The examination of the given case study includes the patient 's all basic information such as age, occupation, work hours, physical demand, and

Background: Osteoarthritis is a common and progressive joint disorder. Despite its widespread, in clinical practice only late phases of osteoarthritis that are characterized by severe joint damage are routinely detected. Since osteoarthritis cannot be cured but relatively well managed, an early diagnosis and thereby early onset of disease management would lower the burden of osteoarthritis.

Research conducted by Tufts University found out that strength training can ease the pain of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The research was conducted through a strength-training program with older people who suffered of knew osteoarthritis. Results showed that their knee pain was decreases by 43% and their muscle strength was increased. Moreover, restoration of balance and reduction of falls is another benefit of strength training. Full range moves increase a person’s flexibility and balance. Thus reduce the risk of falls and accidents. In addition, strength training increases bone density which lessens the risk for fractures. This is very important, especially for post-menopausal women. Research has proven that after menopause, woman tend to lose 1 to 2 percent of their bone mass annually. Therefore, lifting weights will decrease the likelihood of fractures cause by low bone density.

In the United States, arthritis has become the second most common disorder, in the past years. Moreover, the condition affects more than 34 million Caucasians, 4.6 million African-Americans and nearly 3.1 million Hispanics with women being the most affected (Helmick, 2008). 28.3% of people suffering from arthritis are women whereas 18.2% are men (Helmick, 2008). By the year 2030, it is predicted that the number of patients with arthritis will double if prevalence rates remain the same. Apart from being cost-intensive, Osteoarthritis (OA) affects nearly twenty seven million Americans, which effectively limits their work (Reid, Shengelia & Parker, 2012). The statistics show that Caucasians are the most affected and the Hispanics to be the less affected from Caucasians, Hispanics, and African Americans. It also shows how women also have greater possibilities of getting arthritis than man ever did.

Summarize the methods used in the study to analyze the data or evidence – what reasoning or rationale are they using to link the evidence or data to the conclusions of the study?