Critical Theory And Phenomenology : Philosophy, Medicine And Psychology

Qualitative research key characteristics are the researcher immerse her/himself in the setting, contexts of inquiry are not contrived they are natural, want the subjects to speak for themselves, attend to the experience as a what not as separate variables, these is no one general method, the process entail appraisal about what was studied and it implies a direct concern with expertise as it is lived or felt or undergone (Hughes, 2006)

According to Schneider, Elliot, LoBiondo-Wood & Haber (2004), qualitative research methods, search for the meaning and understanding of human experiences in a naturalistic setting. A researcher obtains subjective facts in order to explore the experiences of each participant (Schneider, Elliot, LoBiondo-Wood & Haber 2004). As a result, qualitative research is a means in which a researcher gains an insight into the participant's point of view concerning their personal experiences; in order gain an understanding of the information given. Therefore this allows a researcher to collect subjective information to create a description of the phenomenon (Vishnevsky & Beanlands 2004).

A qualitative methodological approach was the obvious choice in that it allows for the collection and interpretation of stories, narratives, interviews and other forms of non-quantifiable data. A qualitative approach also does not demand or strive for detached objectivity of the researcher but instead encourages the disclosure of researcher bias and the engagement of the researcher with the research and subjects, often in the role of participant-observer (Dade, Tartakov, Hargrave, & Leigh,

Research methodology and methodological approaches that is, the structured process of conducting research and the overall concepts and theories which underpin research respectively (Bryman, 2008), occupy a central position in the research process as they are both shaped by and translate the researcher’s epistemological position. Epistemology then refers to a researcher’s philosophical stance about the nature, derivation and scope of knowledge (Gilbert, 2008). These positions are seldom ‘spelt out’ but rather understood in the matter of research methodology and approach (Sarantakos, 2005).

The method of qualitative research become key method in the human and social science and also in the education and health science. The definition of qualitative research is a research using methods such as participant observation or case studies which result in a narrative, descriptive account of a setting or practice. Sociologists using these methods typically reject positivism and adopt a form of interpretive sociology (Parkinson & Drislane,2011). It involves the research using data that do not indicate ordinal values. Furthermore, qualitative research includes the different kinds of data collection, techniques of analysis and diversity of theoretical frameworks (Guest; Namey & Mitchell, 2013). According to Creswell(2013) ‘’the final written report or presentation includes the voices of participants, the reflexivity of the researcher, a complex description and interpretation of the problem, and its contribution to the literature or a call for change.

Phenomenology is a guided analysis and transformed personal experience into disciplinary understanding. This style of research (lived experience) also delivers a clear identified method for these men such as, using semi-structured and open-ended questions addressing the lived experience. This research helped these men to clarify, predict possible outcomes, recognize the phenomena of the understanding of

Arroll and Howard (2012) and Ashbring (2000) both utilize qualitative methods. According to Breakwell, Smith and Wright (2012) researchers using semi-structures interviews using their questions as a guide for the interview process. Arroll and Howards (2012) use of semi-structured interview fits well with Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) due to its flexible method of collecting data as suggested by Breakwell et al (2012). Dickson, Knussen and Flowers (2007) sum up IPA as having a focus on the links

Researchers describe phenomenological approach as an approach that considers the nature or meaning of something, and the questions are all about the essence and not about the look. Therefore, information is composed through a diversity of means which are: focus groups, diaries, videotape and written descriptions by subjects, and interviews and observation. But, generic qualitative approach is considered more of a qualitative probe that investigates an individual report of their subjective opinions, attitudes, beliefs, or reflections on their

Many phenomenological methodologies have been developed and used by qualitative researchers to review individuals’ experiences. Phenomenology for organizational research, descriptive phenomenological method, hermeneutic phenomenology, interpretive phenomenology, and interpretative phenomenological analysis are the five popular phenomenological methodologies in qualitative inquiry.

Phenomenology, as a philosophy, informs all qualitative research and studies the framework of an experience (Merriam, 2002). The purpose of phenomenological research is to probe the unexamined daily experiences (Merriam, 2002). Shared experiences remain central to the phenomenological method (Merriam, 2002). If those experiences are

Phenomenology Research focuses on shared experiences of participants as it relates to a specified phenomenon. Researchers listen to the stories of participants, grouping material, identify themes, and analyzing that data to make inferences about the phenomenon (Campbell, 2011). There are two major types of phenomenological research: hermeneutic and transcendental (Creswell, 2013). Hermeneutic phenomenology refers to the interpreting of

Today, phenomenology has progressed as a human science and is used by professional disciplines such as health science, education, clinical psychology and law (Given, 2008). Phenomenology is focused on studying the unique lived experiences of individuals (Giorgi, 1997). The aim of the phenomenological research is to look for the essence of a phenomenon through perception and consciousness of observed individuals and analyse the meaning people give a phenomenon (Giorgi, 1997; Smith et al., 2009). In terms of epistemology, phenomenology highlights subjective personal interpretation and experience perceived by human consciousness (Giorgi, 1997). All phenomenological research demands basic knowledge of philosophical rationale, furthermore, it requires understanding how researcher´s own views are affecting the study (Creswell,

Qualitative research mostly associated with representational inquiry explains a phenomenon through data collection of narrative provisions using a malleable research design and methodology. Researchers want to collect human experiences in order to describe why and how a specific phenomenon is occurring. This helps the researcher better understand human behavior. Data is usually collected from interviews, surveys and participant observation, which is then analyzed by the language of the informant, not by statistics.

Phenomenology and existentialism are two of the critical developments in twentieth century European philosophy, and each endeavored to reassess the technique and topic of philosophy with a specific end goal to reveal the solid components of human experience lost in the dynamics of the philosophical tradition. The abundance and intricacy of the marvels as far as we can tell, and the way in which human existence is formed by the test of settling on the choices even with a flighty future. As demonstrated by established Husserlian phenomenology, our experience is coordinated toward speaks to or means things simply through specific ideas, considerations, thoughts, pictures, and so on. These make up the importance or substance of a given ordeal, and

Qualitative research methods are utilized to study the social and cultural phenomena. So it includes observation, participant observation (field work), interview sessions, documents and texts and finally the researcher’s imitations and feedback. [Myers, 2009]