Critical Thinking Research Paper

You are a member of a group working on a class project. The group members are enthusiastic about the project and arrange a meeting time to begin planning. You forget to mark your calendar and miss the meeting. The group posts a summary of the meeting with assignments and deadlines for the project. You apologize to the group and agree to complete the topic research for the project. You realize you have a paper due in another course on the same day that your research is due, and you concentrate most of your time on your individual assignment. The paper takes longer than you thought, and you are unable to conduct research for the group

For Kathryn Schulz description in the reading “Evidence” she presents a vivid viewpoint over inductive inclinations or inductive thinking. Inductive thinking may be a method for speculation that structures our feelings as stated by those path we were brought up or those society we are starting with (Schulz).

According to Jainism, the soul will go from a complete dependence on the karma cycle to a state of complete dissociation from it, when all stages have been followed. Gunasthana, which is a Sanskrit word meaning level of virtue, are the fourteen stages the soul goes through to attain spiritual growth and development before attaining moksha. Gunasthana is also referred to as the purification of karma doctrine. The fourteen stages are: 1. Mithyadristi, is the stage of gross ignorance. 2. Sasadana, is the stage of the mental state of the soul. 3. Misradrsti, is the stage of when a person hovers between certainty and doubt in belief. 4. Avirata samyagdrishti, is the stage of when doubts are removed and becomes a true believer. 5. Desavitra, is the stage of partial vows in pursuit of right conduct. 6. Pramatta virata, is the stage of complete self-discipline, but

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher considered to be the “central figure of modern philosophy” once said “All our knowledge begins with the senses, proceeds then to the understanding, and ends with reason. There is nothing higher than reason” (plato.stanford.edu). Reason is defined as “the power of the mind to think, understand and form judgments logically” (theoryofknowledge.net). There are two forms of reasoning, namely deductive and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is to form a specific conclusion from a set of general premises. Inductive reasoning, on the other hand, is the formation of a general conclusion from a set of specific premises (sociology.about.com). In both, although the conclusion may or may not be true, the set of

There are two sides from where a person can analyze a certain situation. The right of one person might be wrong for another. Moreover there the biases can be found in our routine works. Though one is not aware of them, but they arise. Dr. Spock mind and the Homer mind are having different way of thinking. There are usually two systems that play very crucial role in people way of doing things. Automatic System is based over institution, and Reflective System is based over rationality. The automatic system comes in to use without premeditation. It is automatic and is the reaction of a certain situation.

Reasoning is a cognitive process that includes acting on information and data to reach conclusions. It requires the extraction of a certain conclusion from examinations, assumptions or facts. In formal reasoning problems the information necessary for drawing an inference is distinctly stated, and there is a single correct answer that can be found by applying an algorithm. In informal reasoning problems, there is no single correct solution. Instead there are either predictions, or heuristics- “cognitive rules of thumb, hard-wired mental shortcuts that everyone uses every day in routine decision making and judgment” . One of these heuristics is called anchoring and adjustment, and claims that humans tend to make a decision based on the first piece of information they are exposed to, suggesting that this is why the final decision is typically bias towards the anchor (this first piece of information).

Perhaps I am over-thinking and making this more difficult than is necessary, but since my job requires critical thinking on a daily basis this seems like a very contrived assignment.

This guide illuminates upon the act of critical thinking. The text aims to develop the

People this stage are able to make plans for his or her own life and can approach problems in a systematic way. In order to test the formal operational stage, Piaget designed an exercise involving pendulums of different weights and strings of different lengths. Piaget realized elementary school children approached the exercise haphazardly and the adolescents can adopt a scientific strategy to solve the exercise. Post formal thinking is an adult form of intelligence where adults can view different perspectives, make decisions on their own inner feelings, and are interested in exploring new questions. Perry’s view on post formal thinking is that the college setting is the ideal place to foster cognitive growth because their attitude toward knowledge can change in the time they are in college. The first stage is absolutism/dualism which is the stage where the student takes an expert’s word and thinks there is only a right or wrong answer. Stage two is relativistic thinking, where the individual realizes there are many solutions to a problem and can be related to their perspective or the situation. The individual can support their solution, and pick the best answer while still accepting other’s opinions. Stage three of Perry’s theory is committed thinking, which is where the student generates their own solutions and follows through with them while respecting other’s thoughts. Riegel disagreed with Piaget’s formal operational thinking, saying it does not capture the complexity of mature, adult thought. He believed adults are capable of dialectical thinking, considering opposite positions, and synthesizing a solution. Crystallized intelligence is a person’s knowledge base, or storehouse of accumulated information. Older adults do better than people of any other

Many agree that practical reasoning is used in ambiguous dilemmas in order to achieve a clear purpose and, wherein already existing rules and procedures cannot resolve (Dunn 2011, Rutter and Brown 2015). The process of achieving that purpose involves the practical reasoner first critically thinking about and being aware of the interplay between their own skills, experiences, values, beliefs and knowledge of the particularities of the dilemma at hand, and then evaluating possible options to reach some form of a resolution that best serves their purpose. It is by no means a simple process and requires receptivity, open-mindedness and self-awareness (Dunn, 2011).

Reason, is the logic upon which decisions can be made with mutual benefit or at least mutual understanding between two or more parties. Reason is what is used to neutralize volatile situations. Reason is also

Reasoning according to Bo Bonnet(2016) is the process of making sence of information by verifying fact,changing beliefs or justifying beliefs,based on evidence. Good reasoning has a purpose,is based on evidence,follows a criteria and attempts to solve a problem.Reasoning that fails to meet these elements , flaws the reasoning process resulting to fallacious reasoning.A flaw, error or fault in reasoning is called a fallacy(Edward Damer,2012).

REASONING: A justification that links the claim and evidence and includes appropriate and sufficient scientific principles to defend the claim and evidence.

The term dual processing has been used to describe the brain’s way of processing information on a day to day basis using both the conscious and unconscious sections of the mind. There are many actions that require dual processing, such as reasoning, that incorporate both of these levels of consciousness to reach a desired conclusion. When analyzing what takes place during dual processing on a more intricate level, the happenings depend on the domain of the dual process that is explored. Therefore, regarding the topic of reason, what occurs internally using the dual process that allows a person to reach a reasonable conclusion?

Philosophers for many years have discussed and debated the role of reason in cognition. There are two main arguments that arise, from the empiricists and the rationalists, on this topic. Rationalists argue that knowledge can be attained without experience while empiricist argue that knowledge can only be gained through observation from sensory experiences. Both the rationalists and the empiricist disagree on the way that reasoning and knowledge is attained. Empiricists argue that reason can only be derived through the knowledge provided by experience and rationalists say that reasoning itself can be knowledge.