Critical Thinking and Example Essay

The following two sins are Tautology and False Choice. Tautology just repeats the premise, or principle of the argument. The example given was "Fan: The Cowboys are favored to win since they are the better team." (Heinrichs 155) Fundamentally, tautology is the same thing that gets repeated in different words. Next, we have False Choice. False choice is the many questions fallacy, in which two or more issues are mixed into one. "A related fallacy, the false dilemma, offers the audience two choices when more actually exist." (Heinrichs 163). The objective with this sin is to not

The term deception means the deliberate act of misleading an individual some may refer to deception as “little white lies.” Deception has long been used in the criminal justice area by officers in the detecting process of criminal cases, and is one of the most commonly used tools in the investigative process. Investigators use deception in the detecting process. This involves misleading criminals during the investigative and interrogative stages, to gather enough information about the

The practices of police can best be explained in the elaboration of case probability versus class probability. Case probability is when police take specific evidence with concrete proof in regards to the victim of a crime to accuse one of a crime. Class probability, however, is when police generalize normal committers of the specific crime to accuse one for it. For example, if police aimed to prosecute a seller of marijuana and Hispanics were typically known to commit such a crime, class probability would be integrated into case investigation if police searched every Hispanic on site for the

Bandwagon fallacy for helping readers to realize easily all of the arguments along the story. It is

| Demonstrates solid understanding of the concept of reasoning fallacies and identifies the most important fallacies in the argument by name and discusses their

Teaching higher order thinking skills is not a recent need. It is apparent that students, at all levels of education, are lagging in problem-solving and thinking skills. Fragmentation of thinking skills, however, may be the result of critical thinking courses and texts. Every course, especially in content subjects, students should be taught to think logically, analyze and compare, question and evaluate.

Taking a look at the doubting game, Elbow writes that in order to doubt well, it helps if “you make a special effort to extricate yourself from the assertions..”(Lines 12 and 13). Additionally, placing the assertions against one another, letting them work against each other for the pursuit

22.  A ________________ is a fundamental form of reasoning where one proposition is inferred from two others.

The police investigation is strongly linked to the labelling concept. Since the community of Crittenden along the police were inspired that satanic cult was responsible for the three eight-year-old boys. One of the possible explanations that the police have considered was cult activity. Although, Echols denied connections with Satanism. After additional interaction between Jerry Driver, the probation officer, and Echols, Driver was more suspicious of Echols involvement in a satanic cult as he further shared his doubt to the police. Hence, this indicates the labelling theory as the police assumptions and stereotypes for the murders influenced their decision not to carry out the correct protocols for their policing. The police thought for sure that the teenage boys were guilty. This is also because Echols and Baldwin were both social outcast (retreatists) who reject the cultural goods and the institutionalized means. Overall, the police investigation was heavily biased in which this can be considered to the theory; the crime of the powerful through militarized police. Due to their presumption in labelling the individuals as criminals, the police use their state power to manipulate and control the case. This is because the police have authorities and they are in charge of what evidence is found and what evidence is brought to light.

Misclassification occurs when the detectives automatically mistaken someone to be guilty. This is the first of three errors made by the police when a false a confession is usually given. Generally, the likely suspects come from witnesses, those who had the chance to commit the crime, or approximate matches to witness descriptions. Another possibility is from the stereotypes associating with the perpetrator's social identity such as husbands killing their spouses, stepfathers sexually abusing their new families, gang members performing violent crimes, and many others. The police in America are falsely educated into thinking that they can distinguish between the truth and the lies.

Coherentism is the view that individuals have justified beliefs, which result from a finite system of beliefs that promote each other non-circularly without the requirement for justification outside of the system (2014). For coherentism, justification is a procedure in which all of the beliefs are seen wholly as a system rather than individual parts. For example, V", V', and V are beliefs. The beliefs V", V', and V work together to achieve epistemic justification without the need for any further

In other words, this part of the argument may be reliable to some, but the way it is presented to the audience negates that.

As such, criminologists must come closer to meeting in the middle with their approach and must do so in a way that policy makers can agree with while remaining true to the research. Criminology research has also explored many different approaches to the causes of crime with some being more believable than others. However, much of the research tends to believe that it is the only correct theory or fails to connect other theories. It may be a useful approach to take that different theories may be correlated and that there is not one theory to explain all causes of crime. After all, not everyone is the same, and not all crimes are the same or committed for the same

induce the speaker to withdraw it and to admit that it had been mistaken, must

This is called trivialisation/denial. You can also see that some people try to add new elements to their beliefs that make the picture fit. This is called creating consonance and an example of it could be: “my friend always