Critical or Transitional Temperature

From the results that were collect throughout the experimental investigation has proved the hypothesis to only be partially right. Multiple tests were made when conducting the experiment, two clear solutions were combined at various temperatures and concentrations. The hypothesis states that by adjusting the concentration of the reactants will cause the reaction to either speed up at a higher concentration or slow down at a lower concentration. In the reaction temperature should have a similar effect on the experiment, in that increasing the temperature will cause an increase of particle movement and cause more collision, thus increasing the reaction rate. Therefore decreasing the temperature will decrease the rate of the reaction. From the results given in Tables 2 and 3 it shown that every time the concentration is halved the time is increased. When the concentrations of both KIO3 and NaHSO3 are decreased the time has increased, some concentrations having a higher increase than others. In each concentration decrease the time is at least doubled from the previous concentration time, which is therefore increasing the rate of the reaction.

A 2 inch copper wire was obtained. The first observation of just the copper wire was mad and recorded. Then a small coil was made by wrapping it around the circumference of a pencil. Afterwards it was placed in a crucible and a sufficient

The figure depicts the excitation of an electron into the conduction band thus leaving a hole in the valence band. An electron-hole pair is called an exciton, and the natural physical separation between them is called the excitonic Bohr radius and is characteristic of each material. Thus when a semiconducting material approaches a size nearing its Bohr excitonic radius, the exciton is said to be confined within the particle and is called quantum

There are 3 types of metals for electricity conducting: metallic conductor, semiconductor, and superconductor. Metallic conductors allow the free flow of ions and electrons through a sample; and its conductivity decreases as the temperature increases.

8. Thermoregulation is keeping the temperature of an object in this case the human body stable or in a controlled temperature.

and a much lower superconducting transition temperature TC relative to the β phase: ca. 0.015 K vs. 1–4 K; mixing the two phases allows obtaining intermediate TC values. The TC value can also be raised by alloying tungsten with another metal . Such tungsten alloys are sometimes used in low-temperature superconducting circuits.

While scientists have discovered a handful of exceptions to the rule; and, that at least theoretically, it should be possible for a system to produce conditions in which temperatures are capable to be quantized at a state lower than absolute zero. This is possible, they say, because the temperature of a system can be generally described as the average energy of the particles within it. Most hover around a certain point, with a few outliers found resting at higher levels. However, when the system is turned upside down, most of the particles will begin to exhibit higher energy levels, with only a few maintaining a lower energy

Scientists Eun-Seong Kim and Moses Chan of Penn State believe they have created a new state of matter, the supersolid. The supersolid has all of the properties of a crystalline solid, but it behaves like a superfluid. In their experiments, Kim and Chan used both helium-4 and helium-3. Because it is comprised of borons, they utilized helium-4 first. In order to create the supersolid, Kim and Chan compressed helium-4 gas into a glass disk with exceedingly small pores. They then placed the disk in a capsule and applied a pressure of more than 60 atmospheres. After, they rotated the capsule and cooled it to a few degrees above absolute zero. When it was cooled to about 0.175 ℃ above absolute zero, the disk started spinning much faster.

* Lim Peng Chew, Lim Ching Chai, Nexus Bestari Physics, Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. , 2013, Pg 18,19

After examining the results for the other supplier samples, it was shown that Advance Wire’s sample was most suitable for the extremely high temperatures.

A material that can be extended to in any event twice its unique length and will withdraw quickly and coercively to generously its unique endless supply of the power.

The Drude model can explain the Thermal Conductivity in metals and Electrical Conductivity of metals.

Next, the temperature dependence of magnetization M(T) curves of Mn3Cu1-xGdxN under a magnetic field of 100 Oe is shown in Figure 3. For x = 0.15, decreasing from 300 to 147 K, the ZFC and FC curves are virtually indistinguishable, and then an abrupt magnetic transition from PM to FM with a pronounced ZFC-FC irreversibility appears at a TC of ~146 K, as shown in Figure 3a. Noticeably, with a slightly increase in the Gd content from 0.15 to 0.17, the M(T) curves (Figure 3b) exhibit entirely different features, in which two magnetic transitions are clearly observed. One is the typical PM-FM phase transition located at high temperature (TC1), and the other is the FM-antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition at low temperature (TC2). Further increasing the Gd content, the TC1 shifts to high temperatures (from 164 to 239 K), while the TC2 gradually moves towards low temperature (from 118 to 99 K) as demonstrated in Figures 3c and 3d. In addition, to further verify the low-temperature magnetic features, the temperature-dependent high magnetic field magnetization was measured under 20 kOe, as shown in the insets of Figures 3a–d. Obviously, a typical AFM peak is observed from the inset as displayed in Figures 3b–d, and the decreased slope of PM-FM transition suggest that it is the second-order transition induced by Gd doping. For Mn3CuN, the structural phase transition brings a three-dimensional geometrical frustration in Mn6N octahedron 45, and then the next-nearest-neighbor (Mn–N–Mn)

In the early 1900's a duch physicist by the name of Heike Kammerlingh Onnes (pictured above), discovered superconductivity. Before his discovery, Onnes had spent most of his scientific career studying extreme cold. The first step he took toward superconductivity was on July 10, 1908 when he liquified helium and cooled it to an astonishing 4 K, which is roughly the temperature of the background radiation in open space. Using this liquid helium, Onnes began experimenting with other materials and their properties when subjected to intense cold. In 1911, he began his research on the electrical properties of these same materials. It was known to Onnes that as materials, particularly metals, cooled, they exhibited less and less resistance. Bringing a mercury wire to as close to absolute zero as possible, Onnes observed that as the temperature dropped, so to did the resistance, until 4.2 K was reached. There resistance vanished and current flowed through the wire unhindered. Below is an approximate graph displaying resistance as a function of temperature for the experiment Onnes conducted with mercury:

We have now discussed the two extremes in electronic materials; a conductor, and an insulator we will now move to a material that lies in between these two, a semiconductor. The