Critically discuss the effects of exercise on the cardiovascular and respiratory system

The Myocardium is made up of specialised cardiac muscle, only found in the heart and is not under voluntary control.

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium? simple squamous epithelium Yes, this single layer of squamous cells is ideal for the diffusion of gases in the lungs.

This essay will explain the physiologies of the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system and how they work in the metabolism of energy in the body.

The cells of the connective tissue pictured below in a cross section from the trachea are specialized for fat storage and do not form ground substance or fibers.  On prepared slides, this type tissue appears somewhat like a fish net with white spaces connected together in a network.  The cytoplasm and nucleus have been pushed to one side by a single, large, fat-filled vacuole that occupies the center of the cell.

Also he’s oxygen diffusion rate has increased due to the more oxygen which is absorbed by the alveoli and then circulated around the body.

The Pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue that lines the trachea and upper respiratory tract contains many goblet cells. They are unevenly shaped due to the nucleus that is positioned in different places within the cells; it is this that makes the cells look as if it has many layers, however it only has one layer that stretches between the apical surface and basement membrane. It secretes mucus and can

2) Comparing and contrasting loose Connective tissue (figure c) and simple cuboidal epithelial tissue (figure b)

• autorhymicity- The heart is autorhythmic. This means it generates its own rhythmic action potential independent of the nervous system.

The atrium chambers are small and collect blood returning to the heart from the systemic or pulmonary circulation. The ventricles are larger than the atrium chambers and they pump blood out into the circulation. The right atrium and right ventricle are separated by the tricuspid valve. The tricuspid valve has three flaps that prevent backflow of the blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium. The left side of the heart has a mitral valve also known as the bicuspid valve that consists of two flaps that separates the left atrium and left ventricle. The heart has a thick wall that is mainly of muscle and is constantly contracting and relaxing through every heartbeat. The hearts wall has three layers of tissue which consist of the innermost layer called the endocardium which is a smooth, thin membrane that lines the inside of the champers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves. The second layer is the middle layer that is called the myocardium. It is the muscular wall of the heart and is made of many layers of cardiac muscle which is striated and involuntary muscle tissue. Then the outer layer of the heart is the epicardium that is a double layered fibrous sac that covers and protects the heart.

Cardiac muscle is found in the heart, hence why is it named this. The heart is able to perform a beat because cells are connected together by intercalated discs. The heart is an involuntary muscle, meaning it works automatically. The rate of the contractions are quite steady but the hearts pacemaker can be made to go quicker or slower by certain nerves. The presence of a pacemaker enables the cardiac muscle to control its own contraction rhythm. If the nervous system doesn’t produce a stimulation then the pacemaker will remain a regular heart rhythm. Cardiac muscle is like a rectangular shaped cell which contains regions known as intercalated discs. Within these discs there are gap junctions and desmosomes. The gap junctions are responsible

Cardiac muscle is the heart. Without the muscle system everything wouldn’t move and if your

Oxygen and nutrients the body requires for function are pumped around this complex network of blood vessels by the heart. At roughly the size of a human fist, the heart is a four-chambered muscle and performs two functions of circulation simultaneously and continuously. Systemic and pulmonary circulation. The heart is made up from three separate layers of cardiac tissue; the outer layer called the pericardium, which is a double sac-like outer covering with serous fluid inside to keep the middle layer, the myocardium from adhering to the outer layer. This middle layer of the heart is the heart muscle which is thicker on the left side, to aid with the pressure needed to sustain systemic circulation. The inner layer of the heart is the endocardium. It’s lining is smooth to help prevent the blood which circulates around the inside of the heart from clotting. The heart is the human body’s in-built pacemaker, and the electrical signals sent through the it cause the heart to contract and relax. This process is triggered by the autonomic nervous system and the contraction and relaxing cycle is

Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, the cardiovascular system is the body system that carries out the tasks of pumping and transporting blood, oxygen, nutrients, and waste products, and other substances throughout the body.

A heart is made from Cardiac muscles which are only found in the heart, this muscles share similarities with skeletal muscles, but they also have special properties which include automaticity and unlike skeletal muscles, the heart does not have to be stimulated by nerves to contract. This is because action potentials begin spontaneously in the pacemaker region in the right atrium and spread through the ventricles in an automatic, rhythmic cycle in the heart all cardia cells can depolarise and repolarise. This type of actions in the heart occur spontaneous and in a rhythmic fashion, which causes a normal heart beat to occur. Normal heart beat is maintained by pace maker cells which are in the sinoatrial node in a mammalian heart (in a frog’s heart the sinus venosus have similar functions like the sinoatrial node). There are also pacemaker cells I the atrioventricular node their cycles are slow therefore they are overridden by cells of sinoatrial node (German and Stanfield., 2005).

The literature on the effects of exercise of cardiac output maintains the idea that exercise should affect cardiac output- pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, QRS-pulse lag, P-T and T-P intervals, because of increased heart rate. For our experiment, we tested this theory by measuring our cardiac output before and after some rigorous exercise. We measured the individual cardiac output and then combined the data to compose a class-wide data average. We compared the results of the experiment to what we expected, which was that exercise does affect our heart. Our data from this experiment supported the notion that exercise does, in fact, change cardiac output.