Critique Of Thinking Fast And Slow

Human beings not only have the ability to think but also have imitation that can help them to think comprehensively. Other species may have the ability to think but they do not have the ability to think about things in different ways. Blackmore mentions “we use the word learning for simple association or classical conditioning (which almost all animals can do), for learning by trial and error or operant conditioning (which many animals can do) and for learning by imitation (which almost none can do). ”(34). The imitation is the ability for people to think in different and more comprehensive ways. When people think, they can not only think in their own way but also think by other’s ways. This ability makes human beings unique because if they can think in different ways they can get more information, which can help them make the decision. Human beings’ thinking also has the peculiarity, which is hard be imitated. Blackmore points out “Computers may not play chess in the same way as humans, but their success show how wrong we can be about intelligence”(32). Human thinking is hard to copy because it is a very comprehensive process. It is hard to copy even though for the AI, which made by human beings. The computers do not have the ability to imitate, thus the computer may be able to get the win in the chess game, but they can never get the ability and skill about

Unlike linear thinking, non-linear thinking is never tied to a pattern based upon prior experiences; however, non-linear thinking strengthens are experience and expertise the sub consciousness or unconsciousness uses during the thin-slicing process. Non-linear thinking often relates to uncertainty and the ability to have multiple outcomes. The non-linear framework accepts uncertainty and complexity as natural elements. The characteristics of a non-linear system can be describes as interdependent and non-proportional (Gingrich, 1998, pp. 72-73).

As human beings, we are constructed with human emotions and mental capacity such as the unconscious and conscious state of being that facilitate our actions and decision, but can we control our mind or is it an inevitable action and thought? In Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking by Malcolm Gladwell, he elaborates that it’s possible to discipline and restraint our unconscious and conscious. This book helps illustrate the complexity and serene our human minds and self-judgement that we conspire within the first seconds of any situation as we go through in our lives separately but use similar mental strategies without thinking about them.

T., & Freberg, L. A. (2013). Discovering Psychology The Science of Mind. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Retrieved from www.betheluniversityonline.net

Daniel Kahneman "Two Selves," "Life as a Story," "Experienced Well-Being," and "Thinking About Life" from Thinking, Fast and Slow

In part 3, well deconstruct some of the underlying mechanisms that keep us mired in unproductive behaviors. In part 4, we’ll discuss the proper care and feeding of a human mind so that we can reduce the power that it holds over us.” This book is to help us live with our minds when they are driving us crazy. It is to help us to understand what the mind is doing, why it is doing it, and how we can live our lives anyway.

By stressing mental procedures, it places itself contrary to behaviourism, which to a great extent overlooks mental procedures. The intellectual approach started to change brain science in the late 1950's and mid 1960's, to end up noticeably the prevailing point of view in brain science by the late 1970's. Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968), in Spence, K. W., & Spence, J. T, explains how the cognitive approach in brain science is a moderately current way to deal with human conduct that spotlights on how people think. It essentially expects that our points of view influence the route in which we behave. The psychological point of view is a reasonable approach which has been utilized to make the multi-store model of memory forms, strengthened by numerous different analyses.

In 1983 Jerry Fodor opened the introduction to his new research of “Modularity of mind” with the phrase; “Behavior is organized, but the organization of behavior is merely derivative”. This meaning that behaviors are simply imitations, never original nor created. Fodor created a theory of how the mind was structured and how would perform. He studied the architecture of mind in modules; a term that will describe that the mind had different specific structures that had precise purposes. Jesse J. Prinz just like Fodor was a philosopher who was in opposition of the “Modularity of the mind” theory. This essay will have as a purpose to create an argument on the explanation and disagreement that Prinz wrote cluster by cluster against the theory “Modularity of mind” in an article called “Is the mind really modular?”

When an action requires more mental engagement, problem solving or reasoning, then the mind uses System 2. System 2 is will slow the mind down and question more as it doubts. System 2 differs from System 1 in that it does not operate quickly but functions much slower as it evaluates different options and pays more attentions to unfamiliar situations.

Our starting point is Argyris and Schön’s (1974) argument that people have mental maps with regard to how to act in situations. This involves the way they plan, implement and review their actions. Furthermore, they assert that it is these maps that guide people’s actions rather than the theories they explicitly espouse. What is more, fewer people are aware of the maps or theories they do use (Argyris, 1980). One way of making sense of this is to say that there is split between

Chapter three shows me one way I might process the world. This way is automatic thought. A test created through Harvard, has used our automatic thought processes to create the IAT. In taking this IAT, I was  pleasantly surprised with my results. However, were they as accurate as they appear to be? Did my results really tell me something important about myself or what I prefer? According to the creators of the test, the test was meant to show us how strongly we make associations between things. In measuring these associations, we can know our automatic thoughts about the concepts tested. They do this through words and images. The reliability and validity of the test comes into question by some psychologists, but specifically Hart Blanton, PhD.

The Representational Theory of Mind proposes that we, as both physiological and mental beings, are systems which operate based on symbols and interpretations of the meanings of such symbols rather than beings which operate just on physiological processes (chemical reactions and biological processes). It offers that humans and their Minds are computing machines, mental software (the Mind) which runs on physical hardware (the body). It suggests, too, that we are computing machines functioning as something other than a computing machine, just as every other machine does.

This distinctive book called, “Thinking, Fast and Slow” by Daniel Kahneman, is one of very few exquisite readings I’ve completed so far. Daniel Kahneman is a psychologist in Princeton University, and due to his research, he won a Nobel Prize in 2002 in economics. In the beginning of his book, he speaks of our cognitive System 1 and System 2 ways of thinking. System 1 generates feelings, impressions, and memory. It is very instinctive, automatic, and is considered quick thinking. System 2 on the other hand, is alert during complex problem solving, while dealing with facts and knowledge, and is attentive while working with difficult calculations. For example, a problem such as 24 x 13, this takes more time and knowledge to figure out (System 2), rather then recognizing an emotion from face expressions (System 1). When System 1 is strained, your System 2 steps in to help you process through that specific instant. Now aside from the psychological portion of this book, Mr. Kahneman divulges about a consolidated economic analysis with elemental intuitions from the psychological perspective; such as, luck and skill, overconfidence, risks in the stock market, factors of success and the decision making process. This book is overall concluded with the understanding of behavioral economics, which is the social and cognitive components on economic decisions that are defined by individuals and have consequences that reflect from making those decisions and taking those risks.

Thinking, fast and slow written by an empirical researcher and psychologist, Daniel Kahneman, The book tells us how we can afford to think while we’re not even paying attention. It offers us the paths to better understanding ourselves, how to think automatically and common, instead of difficult and rare.

Every day individuals are faced with many different problems for example deciding what to wear, finding a suitable place to park your car or even completing an assignment. Whatever the problem is, ‘problem solving is defined as any goal-directed sequence of cognitive operations’, as suggested by Anderson (1980, p.257).