Critique on Pollice Verso

At the crest of the Church of the Gesù in Rome, an aureate burst attracts an equivalent infinity of attention to the infinity of light that it emits. Borne of Italian baroque painter Giovanni Battista “Baciccio” Gaulli, this aureate burst is the center of the illusionistic ceiling fresco Triumph of the Name of Jesus. It is initially unclear what is being beheld, but it demands attention nonetheless. By simultaneously depicting and inciting the spectacle of this aureate burst, Gaulli arouses a discussion of the nature of visual representation and the fundamental role of a viewer. Gaulli asserts his position as an artist and emphasizes the viewer’s duty to an image—and to an artist—by demanding the viewer to include themselves among the enamored

The emphasis accorded these contingencies of physiognomy and the resolute refusal of any concession to our - or, so it would appear, antiquity’s - ideas of desirable physical appearance lead one easily to the conclusion that those portraits are uncompromising attempts to transcribe into plastic form the reality of what is seen, innocent of any “idealization” or programmatic bias. These are the portraits of the conservative nobility (and of their middle-class emulators) (luring the death-agonies of the Roman republic. There is no need to doubt that much of their character refers to quite real qualities of their subjects. These are men in later life because the carefully prescribed ladder of public office normally allowed those who followed it to attain only gradually and after many years to such eminence as would allow the signal honor of a public statue. One may well suppose that these hard-bitten and rather unimaginative faces closely reflect the prevailing temperament of the class and society to which they belong, and the twisted and

Physically, the figures in the painting are quite exceptional. The bodies look very realistic, such as the bulging muscles of Aeneas and the life like expression of his weary father. This works kind of shows a wide spectrum of human figures, from the strong and beautiful Aeneas to his soft, gentle wife, and the sharp contrast of the old and defeated father of Aeneas, to Aeneas’s young, curious son on his grandfather’s back. The painting is evenly lit and has flawless brushstrokes throughout the painting which secures the life-like realness of the work. The shading of the muscles in the body are exceptionally life-like. The contrast between the skin colors between Aeneas and his father really give the viewer a sense of what is actually happening in the scene.

Therefore, this introduction and analysis of fifteenth-century Italian painting arises from looking at social relations. Through the institutional authorization, Baxandall examines the integration of social, cultural and visual evaluations. The author explores visual art not only from a social construction, but also looks at the major role it plays in social orders such as interactions between individuals or between larger social groups.

The purpose of this assignment is to present a brief yet comprehensive formal analysis of the work in question, namely, Joos van Cleve’s Lucretia. The painting was completed ca. 1525 by the Flemish artist most likely in Antwerp, where he was highly active from about 1511 until his death in 1540. The painting is oil on panel (75.9 x 60.6 cm) and is exemplary of the early Baroque period. The work depicts at the broadest level the suicide of the early Roman historical figure, Lucretia, following her rape c. 510 BC by Sextus Tarquinius, son of the last Roman king. The incident bears historical significance as it marks rising popular dissatisfaction of the Roman people with the monarchy, and the transition from the Roman Kingdom to the Roman Republic,

3.How does this painting combine the style of the ancient Greek and Roman artists with that of the artists of the Middle Ages? Give examples.

4. Space- Perspective is demonstrated in many ways. This artwork takes up almost the whole canvas. The horses on the edge look like they were maybe even squeezed in. All of the characters in this artwork look to be congregated to the middle of the painting, besides the villages in the distance. Linear perspective is used in the placement of the villages in the background and in all the men and horses, which are grouped in the middle of the screen. Looking at the features in the painting I notice the use of overlapping and vertical placement, which both imply depth. The horses overlap each other as well as the gentlemen and other elements of the painting. The brown horse’s head overlaps the black one hiding its mouth. The villages and hills in the background appear to be very far away (diminishing size); they look smaller and distant from the rest of the main aspects of the painting.

Man has been creating art for over 30,000 years. There are cave drawings, sculptures, Egyptian art, Greek Art, Modern Art and plenty more but to many, the Renaissance Art period is considered to be most important. Never had so many geniuses in art lived at one time and never had so many pieces of cherished art been produced. Two examples of Renaissance paintings are Cigoli’s Adoration of the Shepherds and Moretto da Brescia’s Entombment. Both paintings posses the attributes that were popular during the Renaissance period which I will now contrast and compare.

This painting tells a sad story about a general who is willing to die for his citizens. This story also tells a hopeful story about unity between two completely different civilizations.

Color is the most prominent art element utilized in the work. A series of bright warm colors such as whites, greens, reds, blues, gold, and purple have been used throughout the art. Gold is seen on the robes of the priest and Justinian, but is most noticeable in the background. White is used for the priest’s robes and distinguishes them from the group. A lighter green fills the lower background by their feet while darker greens are used for the shield and bordering designs. A deep purple is seen on Justinian’s robe to show his royalty and power. Blue and red are the least prominent as they are mainly used in the boarder and small details. Lines are used to create a sense of depth and sharply outline the figures. Overlapping is seen with the figures to show their importance in the art. The composition of the art shows the status and roles of the men with the most important near the middle (Justinian) and the least important off to the

Further more, in the painting, “the Gleaners”, the entire screen is filled with contrast elements. First of all, the main figures in the front labor scene are full of rich vigor, contrasting to the background with silent objects such as hay, trees and farmhouse. Secondly, the color brightness of the front contrast to the back, as well as the comparison of relative sizes between figures and scenery, applying the principle of perspective. What’s more, the most classic is the horizontal line, the intersection of the sky and the ground, contrasting with the light source, from the top left. Consequently, 2D and 3D spatial effects are combined precisely. Meanwhile, the sense of space of the image is strengthened as well.

The background plot for the painting was borrowed from the Corneille’s play, Horace. The approximate symmetry of the painting becomes more prominent in the case when the viewer knows the story of the Corneille’s play. It is essential to refer to the fact that there is a difference between the right and left sides not only in terms of physical composition, but more than that, various emotional connotations are depicted by each ones.

The braided hair and ribbons of one of the grieving woman’s hair, small sprigs of foliage adorning the platform of Patroclus’ bed, the Greek ships silhouetted in the background, and the inclusion of Achilles’ armor all contribute to the Classical theme. It is as if Taillasson is trying to convince the viewer, through these scattered Classical elements, that this is indeed a true Classical painting. Perhaps he thought it was. However, time begs to differ. In the grand scheme of art history it is not a pure of perfect example of a Classical work or a Rococo. The composition and theme of the painting - an apparent use of horizontals and verticals on angular planes and a theme relating to myths of antiquity - are markers of the Classical. The colors, brushstroke, and poses/treatment of the body - soft pastels, loose and fluffy strokes, and relaxed figures - are that of Rococo. Overall, the painting is an example of the space of time between both art periods. Those trained in Rococo, like Taillasson was, were trying to maintain the techniques they were taught. In this work Taillasson is conforming with the newly popular Classical style, but only in intention not result. The subsequent work created still clings to all things

Also, the spoils were once gilded to make them stand out. By showing the worth of the spoils of this battle, the viewer sees Rome as powerful and successful in battle, this was the aim of the artist of the Arch of Titus. The numbers of people in this relief panel also present Rome as mighty. Soldiers are overlapped and carved at different densities. There are multiple levels of heads, giving a sense of fullness and business to the sculpture. The amount of people on this people makes Rome seem intimidating and great.

This painting is divided into three equal parts by the arches in the background and the characters correspond to each of these arches (TV12). The father is in the middle portion of the painting. The lines of perspective created by the tiled floor, draws our attention to the swords that the father is holding and the vanishing point lies just behind the handles of the sword. Our angle of vision is such that we are looking directly at the main figures groups, particularly the father. A single light source from the left of the picture illuminates the characters and also focuses our attention to the father holding the sword. This creates a ‘theatrical’ effect. The background is simple and stark so our attention is focussed on the figure groups in the painting. The painting has a wide tonal range that makes the composition logical and balanced. The colours used in this