Crizotinib Essay

In vivo: In mice, imatinib inhibited the growth of primary murine lung fibroblasts and the PDGFR-beta autophosphorylation. Administration of imatinib also prevented bleomycin-induced

In the past years, there has been a major paradigm shift in the management of non-small cell lung cancer also known as (NSCLC). NSCLC should now be further sub-classified by histology and driver mutation if one is known or present. Translational research results now allow such mutations to be inhibited by either receptor monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Whilst empirical chemotherapy with a platinum-doublet remains the gold standard for advanced NSCLC without a known driver mutation, targeted therapy is pushing the boundary to significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life. In this review, we will examine the major subtypes

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Crizotinib (PF-02341066) is a potent inhibitor of c-Met and ALK. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a molecular subtype of NSCLC with at least 27 ALK-fusion variants identified. c-Met is the prototypic member of RTKs, which is the only known high-affinity receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Binding of HGF to the c-Met results in receptor multimerization and phosphorylation of multiple tyrosine residues at the intracellular region.

In recent years, treatment options for advanced solid tumors have significantly advanced.1,2 Patients now routinely have their tumors genotyped in order to identify genomic markers that can allow their treatment to be personalized with targeted therapies that are less toxic and more effective. Prior studies have found that up to 64% of patients have these oncogenic drivers, and patients with these drivers in their tumors live longer when they are treated with targeted therapy.1 The Profile project was launched at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital in 2011 as the platform for Precision Medicine. Profile provides detailed testing on tissue samples obtained during the course of clinical care for a panel of genetic

Crito, as reported by Plato, is an account by where Crito is attempting to influence Socrates that it is just to escape from prison to avoid certain death by execution. Socrates' argument directly relates to the laws of the state and the role of the individual within it. The "Crito" exhibits the character of Socrates as a good citizen, who being unjustly condemned is willing to give up his life in obedience to the laws of the State.

CLABSI’s, or Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections, are a worldwide problem of bloodstream infections from the unsterile insertion or unclean maintenance of a central line catheter, which are inserted in large veins and are in place for weeks or months (CDC, n.d.). CLABSIs have a high morbidity and mortality rate, increases cost of medical treatment and extends the length of hospitalization (Poderman & Girbes, 2002). Implementing evidence based practices have significantly reduced these CLABSI rates (Latif et al., 2015). CLABSI prevention research shows overlap in these five areas of evidence-based prevention: appropriate hand hygiene, skin preparation, use of full barrier preparations, avoidance of femoral site for central line

Socrates has been accused of corrupting the youth by Meletus and has been sentenced to death. He has thoroughly justified his own decision to obey the opinions of the majority and serve out the sentence that his own city has deemed appropriate for his crimes. At the beginning of this piece, Socrates has presented a period of questions and answers through dialogue with Crito. Throughout the dialogue Socrates is explaining his reasoning for not evading the government. Crito does not understand the madness of Socrates, and would like nothing more than to help his dear friend escape to freedom. "…I do not think that what you are doing is right, to give up your life when you can save it, and to hasten your fate as your enemies would

Although many people have heard about lung cancer, they don't know that there are two major types of lung cancer. The types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC breaks down into three different types and approximately makes up 85-90% of the cancers that patients are diagnosed with. The first type of NSCLC is adenocarcinoma. This type of cancer is usually found in smokers however it is the most common lung cancer found in nonsmokers. This cancer typically attacks younger adults and targets women. This cancer tends to develop on the outside layers of the lungs and it can be found before it spreads throughout the body. The second type of NSCLC is squamous cell carcinoma. This cancer is linked to smoking and forms in the inner airways of

Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) is an oral small-molecule multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor which inhibits oncogenic kinases, mainly RET, Raf-1, VEGFR2, and Kit with IC50 values of 1.5 nM, 2.5 nM, 4.2 nM, and 7 nM, respectively [1]. These tyrosine kinase signaling are highly activated in tumor angiogenesis which plays a critical role in tumor growth and development.

Hello everyone! My name is Edric and today I will be talking to all of you about Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, other known as NSCLC.

disease in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade tissues nearby. Cancer can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. The National cancer Institute and the World Health Organization (WHO) report that in 2012, there were 14 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million cancer related deaths. The number of new cases is expected to rise by about 70% over the next two decades. WHO also reports that in 2012 the most common cause of cancer death was lung cancer with 1.59 million deaths. The two main types of lung cancer are Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC makes up about 85% to 90% of lung cancers. Treatments for NSCLC can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapies. One example of targeted therapy is angiogenesis therapy. Angiogenesis is the formation of blood vessels. Tumors need a blood supply to grow beyond a certain size and will give off a chemical signals to stimulate angiogenesis. One method of preventing this is to find ways to block tumor angiogenesis. This can be done through angiogenesis therapy, which is also called antiangiogenic agents. Angiogenesis is unique in fighting cancer because it focuses on blood vessels rather than tumor cells. Because angiogenesis is unique, arguments can be made for and against this type of treatment. This goal of this paper is to provide pros and cons for angiogenesis therapy.

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), also known as oat cell cancer, is a serious disease that accounts for 10-15% of all lung cancers. It is predominantly caused by consistent exposure to tobacco smoke. It differs itself by its unique histology and aggressive metasteses. Patients who are diagnosed with this particular ailment usually end up dying within a short time frame after diagnosis. This paper is going to evaluate the gross anatomy of the lungs, proposed mechanisms of SCLC development, histological features, diagnosis and current therapies that are being used for treatment.

Lung cancer is the number one leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Lung cancer kills more people than any other cancer, such as; breast cancer, colon, prostate, or ovarian. There are two types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small lung cancers. These two lung cancers grow and spread differently. Small cell lung cancer tends to spread quickly and makes up about 10-15 percent of the lung cancers. Non-small lung cancer is the most common type, it attributes to about 85 percent of lung cancers. The sub types of non-small cell lungs cancer are; squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung cancer. If you quit smoking you can significantly reduce your chances of developing lung cancer. The overall prognosis is poor, lung cancer is usually not found until it is in its advanced stage. According to the Mayo Clinic “Five-year survival is 40% to 50% for early stage lung cancer, but only 1% to 5% in advanced, inoperable lung cancer.”

Scientists classified the genetic maps of skin and lung cancer and have pinpointed the specific mutations within DNA that can lead to dangerous tumors. Researchers predict these maps will offer patients a personalized treatment option that ranges from earlier detection to the types of medication used to treat cancer. By identifying all the cancer genes scientists will be able to develop new drugs that target the specific mutated genes and work out which patients will benefit from these novel treatments ''. Oncologists all over the world are in cooperation screening a range of therapeutics against the vast array of human cancer cells and the associating drug sensitivity with the broad genomic data. This will hence fasten the drive towards a personalized