Cross Contamination

In the food industry, cross-contamination is a major concern since it can lead to people becoming ill with food-related illnesses. This issue occurs when harmful bacteria is transferred from one food source to another through improper handling methods. Often times, cutting boards are the problem due to cutting a variety of foods on the same board without washing it in between to sanitise. For example, a worker may cut raw chicken on the board and he or she will chop vegetables on the same board. The salmonella on the chicken is spread to the vegetables and may harm those who eat the vegetables just for one example. Below, we explain how colour coded

The main reason being that they wanted to know if different pathogens could even survive and adapt, and if they could, what changes would occur. The biosatellite series of experiments proved that bacteria could survive in Earth’s orbit, and in fact, the experiments proved that bacteria could actually thrive in that environment. “But the wildfire team staunchly ignored both the evidence of their own experience-that bacteria mutate rapidly and radically-and the evidence of the Biosatellite tests, in which a series of Earth forms were sent into space and later recovered...Biosatellite II contained several species of bacteria, it was later reported that the bacteria had reproduced at a rate of twenty to thirty times the normal rate...yet no one in Wildfire paid attention to this fact until it was too late.” (Crichton 164). This fact alone proved that the scientist’s at Project Wildfire did not use all of the information provided to them. hey only seemed to use data they collected themselves, which in this case, almost cost them their lives. Because they ignored this crucial fact which validated and answered most of their lasting questions.The scientists put themselves, and the population around the facility, if not the entire country at great risk. If they had taken into account previous data, they most likely would have been able to find a cure for the strain much faster, instead of waiting for the strain to mutate into something harmless as it did in the ending

the bones or DNA to try to and how they did not find the bacterium Y. pestis. They also argue

Five years after the crime, the FBI still didn’t have any leads. After assigning a new team to the case, the FBI came across a breakthrough. They found a way to trace the DNA of the AMES strain, and possibly find the source

In this experiment, the soil sample that was used in the first experiment was used for even further characterization. A colony was chosen from one of the group member’s bacteria and was amplified with PCR and had gel electrophoresis conducted in order to obtain a sequence. The purpose of this was to figure out the DNA base sequence of the 16S RNA gene from the group member’s colony that was chosen. Then, the BLAST website would be used to determine what the unknown organism was based on the sequence. Additionally, each of us performed a line streak with Streptomyces, E. coli, and S. epidermidis in order to test for the presence of antibiotics.

It is a safety hazard to have electronic devices in lab because of the potential risk factor to contaminate mobile phones with microbes obtained while working with pathogens, and then cross-contaminating individuals in the community. According to the article, Health care workers’ mobile phones: a potential cause of a microbial cross-contamination between hospitals and community, the mobile phones of health care workers (HCWs) were evaluated and examined for microbes and it was concluded that their devices were colonized and infected with nosocomial pathogens (1). The pathogens from this potential cross-contamination could be dangerous amongst those health care workers that handle medical equipment and patients, which could potentially infect

There are many things to consider as possible challenges when recreating this experiment. Contamination is one of the major ones, if for any given reason human error occurred when taping the mating agar plates, contamination could be produced and that sample will not be usable. Another major possible human error that can occur in this experiment is not remembering to put the hyphae side pf the fungal down, which could end up in no spores or improper growth. Some less major but important to take into account are squashing errors. If too much pressure was applied to the squash then the fruiting body would be dispersed everywhere and it will not be possible to make a reliable measurement. In the contrary, if not pushed down hard enough the spores

Of the thirty-three antibiotic producers found, only twenty-four were tested in the gram staining. There were nine bacteria that were somehow lost during the course of the experiment. In addition, only eight of the thirty three antibiotic producers were able to be sequenced. This result can be explained due to the 16s rRNA gene not being successfully enhanced through the PCR. Another inconsistency shown in the data was the prevalence of gram negative bacteria among the bacteria sequenced, which contradicts O.Connell and indicates that there were possibly significant experimental errors. Finally, the antibiotics tested against the ESKAPE pathogens indicated that none were effective, contradicting the data found when we initially tested all of the bacteria. This could result from there not being enough antibiotics plated in the test, meaning that the antibiotic would need to be present in significant quantities to function properly. Overall these results indicate that our hypothesis was not correct and that the experiment would need to be run again with different bacteria or the experiment would need to be revised to possibly find better

National Food Service Management Institute (2013), suggests that cross contamination is the transfer of bacteria or virus/viruses or bacteria from food to food, hand to food, food contact exteriors to food that can lead to foodborne illness, it may occur when the surface of food contact are not clean and sanitize, the vendor/food handler is not clean or sick, and when the equipment/utensils is used without cleaning and sanitizing for multiple food for

beaker. The contaminated was used later to compare the treated water at the end of the

In the EMB agar test, two distinct colonies due to their different in color were observed. For the one with black colonies, it was determined to be lactose fermenters, because only acid production from lactose fermentation would result in this color. As for the other colonies, they appeared to be either colorless or pinkish, this indicates that they are either sucrose fermenter or non-coliform Gram-negative strains because of their inability to ferment lactose.

Microbial contamination has been on the list for top 10 reasons for FDA product recalls

Cross-contamination can be identified as the smallest mistake and also the easiest to avoid in any case. A short research explains that, “cross-contamination occurs when one object becomes contaminated by either direct or indirect contact with another object which is already contaminated”. However, a study was done by a control group to identify cross-contamination within a participating party and results were shocking. In the study, “about 90% of salads were contaminated and 24% were highly contaminated although levels were for the food safety messages group, handwashing scores were lower for the control group than for the other groups. Cloth towels were the most contaminated contact surface and towels were frequently handled by participants.”

During the project the scientist goals were to get a finish a whole set of the 3 billion DNA base pairs that make the human genome. They also wanted to be able to find 20,000 to 25,000 human genes. As well as finding the genomes of different organisms that are vital to medical research like a mouse or a fruit fly. Not only did they want to make discoveries in their research but they also wanted to make new tools they could use to get and analyze new data to spread the availability of their information. Some goals were completed and others were not but some of the things they did accomplish were getting a high quality finished sequence of almost the entire human genome. As well as the genome of other organisms including a roundworm and a fruit fly. On their last year they announced that they had completed the genome mouse. The research the scientists made were made viable to view on the internet by the

A pure mixed culture of two unknown bacteria was obtained from the laboratory TA with the number 60 on it for