Cross-Fault Tolerance : Ripple And Stellar

1. Consider 5 processes that need to agree on their joint state. To protect against Byzantine failures, the processes adopted a protocol as described in the slides, in particular, each process broadcasts its own state to all others, assembles the state received from others, and then broadcasts its view of the full state to all others. Suppose that, after this, process 1 receives the information provided below. Identify the process(es) that have Byzantine failure, if any, based on this data. Briefly justify your answer.

In the technological field of computers, a spanning tree protocol is a combination of networks which are used so that they can ensure that there exists a system for the Ethernet networks that have no loops in their layout. It has one primary goal in such a network, and it is to prevent all bridge loops and radiation that may be caused about by broadcasting through the consecutive use of these network protocols. This translates to spanning tree protocols creating an environment for network designs where they can include redundant links present in the case that the user may require a backup if the primary route used to access the link fails to work. The reroute of the links is done with less danger presented by the bridge loops and reducing the need for enabling and disabling these backup links. According to

In order to support their growing business, Global Finance, Inc. (GFI) has taken necessary actions to ensure their network remains fault tolerant and resilient from any network failures. GFI has acquired network devices in order to support their network and maintain interconnection among their employees and customers.

In this recent past, the e-services, new technologies, and interconnected networks have become integral part of our daily life. Society, businesses, government and national defense depend entirely on the well-functioning of information technology and information infrastructures, communication, transportation, e-commerce, emergency services and financial services depend on the integrity, availability and confidentiality of information streaming these infrastructures. As our society become more reliable on IT, the availability and protection of these crucial facilities are increasingly becoming the topic of national consideration. The incidents that cause disruption of IT services and crucial

Byzantine failure is very common fault in cloud servers, in which a storage server can fail in arbitrary ways. On occurrence of a byzantine failure system responds in an unpredictable way. At the point when

A distributed system is an application that executes a collection of protocols to coordinate the actions of multiple processes on a network, where all component work together to perform a single set of related tasks. A distributed system can be much larger and more powerful given the combined capabilities of the distributed components, than combinations of stand-alone systems. But it's not easy - for a distributed system to be useful, it must be reliable. This is a difficult goal to achieve because of the complexity of the interactions between simultaneously running components. A distributed system must have the following characteristics:

Investment of fault-tolerant redundant network configurations and machines for replacement of similar machines if it is disabled helps in preventing DoS attack since services are restored quickly (Gollmann, 2012).

There are many protocols that should be taken into account for nodes to communicate effectively over a network. There are several different protocols that should be considered such as how packets are transmitted, how the destination of the packet is identified, and are there any security issues.

From the main menu, I clicked General Ledger Balance. It showed a screen with the General Ledger Balance. I entered BL in the chart field, 0142900 in the account field and clicked "All" nest to the Include Pending Ledger Entry. I then, clicked search. It displayed the General Ledger Balances. I clicked on Amount in the October field. It displayed the Ledger entry

In the Check phase, the data collected in the Do phase are analyzed to verify whether the expected improvement actually occurred.

Nowadays distributed systems are large and finding faults in such large system ishard. Distributed nature of those faults makes it complex to identify. Again thosefaults are often partial, irregular and may result in abnormal behavior rather thansystem failure. So diagnosing a problem in such systems require collecting relevantinformation from many different nodes and correlating those with the problem.One of the main sources of information that can give the idea about root cause of prob-lems in a distributed systems is communication information between nodes. Lookingat communication between different devices in distributed system, it is seen that thoseare operated using various protocols. Among the protocols, Border

Collateralised Debt Obligations, short for CDOs, is an important part of asset securitisation. CDOs provided more liquidity in the economy which was a popular financial innovation. It is an innovative financial product that repackages different debts into a new portfolio. In CDOs, investment bank gathered a series of assets from the fixed-income market, such as mortgage-backed securities, credit-default swaps, and high-yield bonds. Once the CDO has created by the investment bank, it would distribute the cash flows from those mentioned assets to investors in the CDO. CDOs pool all the cash flows from its collection of assets together and divided into rated tranches or slices, in order to satisfy the needs of different risk preferences of investors. Suppose there are three basic tranches, safe, good enough and risky. When money comes in, the top one will be filled in first. It

As mentioned before, there are certain steps which take advantage of this method of financial structure. First, if there is a company that wants to obtain financing through securitization, that company will start by identifying assets that can be used to raise funds. These assets typically represent rights to payments at future dates and are usually referred to as “receivables.” The company that owns the receivable is usually called the “originator.” In this process, the risk that these payments many not be made on time is an important factor in valuing the receivables. In this factor, emphasis and confidence is place on the originator, who must reasonably predict the

Fault tolerance is the characteristic of a system that tolerates the class of failures. It will analysis the performance and enables a system to continue its intended operation, possibly at a reduced level, rather than failing completely, when some part of the system fails. The system as a whole is not stopped due to problems either in the hardware or the software. [1][2] Fault tolerance is the ability for software to detect and recover from a fault that is happening or has already happened in either the software or hardware in the system in which the software is running in order to provide service in accordance with the specification. [3]Fault tolerance is not a solution unto itself however, and it is important to realize that software fault tolerance is just one piece necessary to create the next generation of systems. A highly fault-tolerance system might continue at the same level of performance even though one or more components have failed. For example, a building with a backup electrical generator will provide the same voltage to wall outlets even if the grid power fails [4].

International monetary systems are sets of internationally agreed rules, conventions and supporting institutions that facilitate international trade, cross border investment and generally the reallocation of capital between nation states. They provide means of payment acceptable between buyers and sellers of different nationality, including deferred payment. To operate successfully, they need to inspire confidence, to provide sufficient liquidity for fluctuating levels of trade and to provide means by which global imbalances can be corrected. The systems can grow organically as the collective result of numerous individual agreements between international economic actors spread over several decades.