Cross Match Testing Research Paper

The decision to determine who gets an organ is something that cannot be taken lightly. If proper protocol is not followed, issues such as biasness and judging people based on factors like socioeconomic status may be used to determine this dilemma. For this reason, organ transplantation is overseen by government regulators. The Division of Transplantation (DoT), which falls under the US Department of Health and Human Services, oversees this process. Organs are allocated according to strict rules that take into account physical matching, tissue and blood type matching, medical criteria, waiting time, severity of illness. The allocation system is blind to name, race, sex and wealth. The allocation rules have been developed over many years of deliberation by physicians and other transplant professionals, transplant candidates and recipients, donor families, and representatives of the federal government. (CITE ThIs) Removing these variables and following protocol causes the medical professional to make a decision on fairness rather than feelings, biasness, and possibly corruption such as bribery.

Since the first successful kidney transplant in 1954, the procedure has evolved from a risky experimental procedure to a relatively safe and standard procedure. Since then, doctors have been consistently raising the bar and have had success with numerous organ transplants, including hearts, lungs, livers, skin and even full facial transplants. Organs can be donated from the obvious, a deceased person, or from a cadaveric donor (someone who is declared brain dead) or from live donors. The transplantable organs from a live donor include the kidney, part of the lung and liver, and part of the eye, the cornea. The donor organs

For over 13 year I have worked in healthcare and I have seen multiple patients die from organ failure as they waited on the transplant list. I’ve seen patients lose their quality of life as they sit in hospitals for weeks and months at a time as they waited for a kidney transplant. I also know people who have donated the organs of their loved ones and were blessed to know that their loss was the beginning of another person’s life.

If your blood type is O you can donate to O, A, B, or AB. The blood type A can donate to A or AB, Blood type B can donate to B or AB. Ab can donate to A, B or AB. The A, B and AB genes are common while O isn’t as much. Another thing key for detecting whether or not an organ will match the recipients body is the major histocompatibility complex. This is a group of genes on the surface of the cell, the genes have building blocks of protein that help the immune system detect weird substances that are not recognised. When organs are transplanted into the recipient’s body the human leukocyte antigen molecules from the donor are recognised by the immune system, this allows the alloimmune response to match a donor with a recipient, this is especially important in the transplantation of kidneys. When organs (specifically kidneys) are transplanted new antigens are welcomed into the body, the immune system realises that these organs are not right so they are rejected, by recognising the MHC antigens in both the donor and recipient match these organs will not be

In order to be eligible for an organ donation list, you must be in end-stage organ failure. This means that one of the patient’s organs has not been working for a while and it is impossible for them to live without some kind of help or transplant. For many patients, end-stage organ failure can come as a shock even if they have known for months that one of their organs was failing. With kidneys, this means the patients are put on dialysis if they are not already. Dialysis is a process that mechanically helps to do the things that the kidneys normally do. This can include filtering waste and toxins out of the body. Many organs can be transplanted from living and dead donors, including kidneys, heart, lung,

In December of 1954, the first human organ transplant was performed in the United States between identical twin brothers. In the past sixty years, organ transplantation has become the gold standard in the treatment of organ failure from a number of underlying causes with dramatic improvements to recipients’ health and quality of life (Kaserman, 2007). From the first kidney transplant in 1954 to the late 1980’s, one of the biggest advancements was the use of cadaver organs. Organ rejection was the primary concern from the transplant team who knew that the use of cadaver organs posed higher risks of failure.

In 1950 Dr.Richland Lawler performed the first kidney transplant on forty-nine year old Ruth Tucker, that was dying from a condition called chronic uremia. Chronic Uremia is a complication of kidney disease(Bruno,Leonard.Science and Technology Breakthroughs Volume 1 376) . Unfortunately Tucker died from complications from the transplant surgery called immunological rejection(Bruno 377). Then 4 years later in 1954 Dr.Joseph E.Murray performed the first successful kidney transplant on identical twins(¨Medical

Recent medical advances have greatly enhanced the ability to successfully transplant organs and tissue. Forty-five years ago the first successful kidney transplant was performed in the United States, followed twenty years later by the first heart transplant. Statistics from the United Network for Organ Sharing (ONOS) indicate that in 1998 a total of 20,961 transplants were performed in the United States. Although the number of transplants has risen sharply in recent years, the demand for organs far outweighs the supply. To date, more than 65,000 people are on the national organ transplant waiting list and about 4,000 of them will die this year- about 11 every day- while waiting for a chance to extend their life through organ donation

In order for transplants to be successful, there are steps that should be followed. From the beginning, the correct information should be given prior to

Researchers state that the computerized matching system does not select recipients based on fame or wealth. Organs are matched by blood and tissue typing, organ size, medical urgency, waiting time, and geographic location.

Kidney disease has become more prevalent over the years, one in nine Americans has chronic kidney disease, resulting in the need for a kidney transplant. Kidney failure is caused by variety of factors resulting in damage of the nephrons, which are the most important functioning unit of the kidneys. Kidney failure can be broken down into three groups: acute, chronic, end-stage. Once kidney failure is irreversible, dialysis or transplantation is the only method of survival. To avoid a kidney transplant, one needs to be aware of the pre-disposing factors, signs and symptoms, available treatments, and proper diet.

The surgery itself for the organ transplant is very important and it is critical that everything goes according to plan. The surgery itself takes about 3 hours. The patient is given anesthesia which helps the patient relax, control the pain, help keep a healthy heart flow, and control breathing. In a organ transplantation surgery, there are two different types of transplant. There is a heterotopic transplant and an orthotopic transplant. There is a major difference between these two types of transplants. In an heterotopic transplant, the donated organ is placed in a different location and not in the same location as the organ that's being replaced. Kidney transplants are often performed in the heterotopic method. In this case, the donated kidney

Crossmatching and tissue typing are vital additives of renal transplantation. There have however been a number of latest dispositions in the ultimate decade. This paper discusses current crossmatching strategies and is a completely the useful aid for nephrologists to interpret the crossmatch effects in their patients

Three patients recovered without modification of the protocol, while two patients failed to recover. Two patients recovered after the addition of thymoglobulin and plasma exchange, and one of them required additional steroid therapy 103. Each of these protocols is currently being modified in order to achieve improved results. This study confirmed the safety of the approach and although this protocol found limited success, it underscores the motivation to identify a better line of treatment for kidney transplant recipients.

The possibility of incompatible donors and receivers is a looming beast which not only wastes a good organ, but can also harm the receiver. “Sometimes in living donation, the blood groups of the donor (person who is giving the organ) and recipient (person who is receiving the organ) don't match. In the past, up to 30% of all potential living donor transplants were considered impossible due to blood group and antibody incompatibilities. Recently however, it has become possible to transplant patients in this situation using specialised techniques. Only a few centres routinely perform this in the UK.” (Guys and St. Thomas Hospital, 2017) While we may want to fool ourselves into thinking that the “matchmaker” and other organ distributors are using these methods. They are not. They are only using the cheapest and easiest methods so they can have wider profit margins on their untaxed