Cross Pollination Lab

Based on the appearance of the flower, it is likely that they cross-pollinate because of their brightly coloured petals, which attracts animals mainly of insects, to help them transfer pollen. Another factor would be having long stamens and a long pistil, which allows for a better access for pollinators and the wind to carry and transfer their pollen.

Insect pollination as we all know, is the process that enables reproduction and fertilization by the transfer of pollen performed by insects. Insects are some of the oldest pollinators of plants. Pollinating insects date back to 140 million years ago. Since then, due to how effective insect pollinators are, these flowering plants have become the major group of

At about day 14, two or three flowers open on most plants in which one begins pollinating as followed. Simply use a small fine tipped paintbrush and cross-pollinate all four plants with each other. Repeat the same step, in four days going. After the third pollination carefully remove all unopened buds by pinching them. Take away all new buds for the next two weeks or as necessary. Seeds are now ready to harvest after about 21 days after pollination. Carry the quads with plants away from the watering try while letting them dry for five days. Remove dried seedpods from the quads and roll them between your fingers to free the seeds from the pod. Count and store seeds in an envelope, labeled with your name and

To solve this problem our group placed stakes next to each plant in the pots and used wire to provide the plants with support to grow upright and stay in place. Furthermore, to prevent crosspollination with another groups plants all of our plants where covered with pollination bags. In addition, our plants were given 1-2 inches of water constant for 29 days and place in a room that provided fluorescent light for 24 hours a day to get our plants to grow at their full potential. After a couple weeks of plant growth the flowers where then able to pollinate to perform this procedure we used a tool called a chenille rod or “bee stick” where we would lightly touch the anthers of the flowers with the bee stick and transfer the pollen on the stick between the P1 and P2 plants. During weeks 7 and 8 watering of our plants stopped to allow our plants to dry under light before the seeds can be collected from the pods. Once the seeds were ready to be collected they were harvested in dry pods over a petri dish and allowed to germinate in a filer paper within the petri dish. Once our seeds where settled in neat rows we kept it well light and moist at all times and recorded our findings (CSUF,

In this chapter the author stresses the importance of creatures that pollinate such as insects, birds,

Prior the conduction of this experiment, Sordaria of different ascus types (WT and T) were exposed to significant levels of radiation. There were three experimental groups for this experiment and crosses accordingly. Crosses were set up in containers by placing different Sordaria groups in alternating fourths of the mating agar. The Sordaria naturally grew outwards to the different adjacent Sordaria groups and inter-mated through meiosis. This provided a variety of different crosses throughout each experimental group. The squashes were prepared by obtaining a clear slide and placing a small amount of water in order to trap and spread out the perithecia. Once the individual perithecia were separated, they were busted by applying slight pressure with an eraser head, but done carefully enough not to pop the individual sacs. Frequencies were calculated by counting the number of

H. mantegazzianum owes much of its success as an invasive species to its reproductive capabilities as an angiosperm. According to Reece et al, sexual reproduction for the angiosperms begins in the flower on a mature sporophyte plant. Within the anther the male microsporocytes undergo meiosis to

They are usualy acociated with bright flowers. Pollination is the act of fertilization where the pollen grains from a flowers

In times of the past, farmers would take the pollen from one plant and cross pollinate that with that of another plant to create a hybrid of the two plants to have traits from both. This was often done to create a stronger plant or one that would yield larger or

According to Inari large amounts of overwintered queens was posit related to both worker abundance and floral resources in the previous summer in B. ardens but was not dependent on the factor in B. diversus. These differences on effects on queen production within species could be a display of interspecific differences of the dependence on canopy resources for queen production due to species-specific phenologies and the foraging preferences of other species of flowers. The extent of pollen limitation in the spring-ephemeral Corydalis ambigua, which is exclusively pollinated by overwintered queens, was negatively correlated with the abundance of B. hypocrita queens. Thus, population dynamics of bumble bees has a great effect on the seed production of understorey plants. The dynamics of flower production in overstory trees can indirectly affect the pollination efficiency of understorey plants in the next season via the population dynamics of pollinators. Inari’s results suggest that a cascade effect occurs through pollination networks in a cool temperate forest

Because of genetic engineering, Mexico will most likely not be able to keep their variety of corn. One reason Mexico will not be able to maintain its variety of corn is cross pollination. Eventually cross pollination will happen to farmers in Mexico. In an incident involving Percy Schmeiser, cross pollination brought Monsanto’s patented seed into Percy’s land without his knowledge. However, Mexico can avoid issues such as this with improving the land corn is grown on. One possible solution is if farmers enclosed their farms with keeping the sun on their crops. This can help avoid cross pollination while also maintaining full growth of their crops. Also, the seeds taken from the corn can be kept in a safe location in order to prevent the seeds

However, it is well established that fertilization and yields are significantly increased when flowers are cross pollinated (Ehlenfeldt, 2001; Krebs and Hancock, 1990; Vander Kloet, 1984; Vander Kloet and Lyrene, 1987; Wood, 1968). Yields are also generally increased through cross pollination with the aid of insect pollinators (Ehlenfeldt, 2001; Krebs and Hancock, 1990). Generally, fewer tetrads of outcrossed pollen are required to reach pollen-load saturation than with self-pollination (Parrie and Lang, 1992). However, pollen tubes from self-pollinated plants grow at the same rate as outcrossed pollen once germination occurs (Krebs and Hancock, 1988; Vander Kloet and Lyrene, 1987). Only a fraction of ovules develop into seeds, with over 100 ovules being common to highbush blueberry fruit and fewer than 50 seeds forming (Pritts et al., 1992). Seed number is positively correlated to fruit size (until saturation occurs) and seed abortion is dependent on the level of self-fertility (Pritts et al., 1992; Vestrheim et al., 1996).

Schiestl and his team observed populations of 31 orchid species with varying pollination strategies in Italy and Western Australia. They measured the amount of pollen that was taken from each orchid, and the amount of pollen that made it to its intended destination -- another orchid of the same species.

Gymnosperms life and reproduction cycle go hand in hand . They reproduce sexually (Wilkin, Brainard). The gametophyte age happens in the cone. Every male gametophyte is only a couple of cells inside a grain of pollen. Every female gametophyte creates an egg inside the ovule, which eventually turns into a seed coat after fertilization. In gymnosperms, the cone is the female reproductive site and pollen is the male. Pollination has to occur in order for fertilization to happen. After pollination occurs, one sperm unites with the egg, which then forms a zygote. The zygote then transforms into an embryo inside the seed, in which the next generation of sporophytes develop (Plant Reproductive Development and Structure). It takes roughly about two years for a gymnosperm to complete its life cycle.

The term cross pollination may be used to best describe the sharing of theories, mathematical computations, algorithms, languages, hardware architecture, system software, applications software and tools between computer science and software engineering. Computer scientists utilize mathematics and theory to analyze if something works. Software engineers apply known rules in order to build and design things. Calude et al. (2008) quoted Vladimir Arnold in their research regarding proofs, “Proofs are to mathematics what spelling (or even calligraphy) is to poetry. Mathematical works do consist of proofs, just as poems do consist of characters” (p. 6). Proofs are sets of facts that are crucial in explaining theories and concepts. The analogy previously stated denotes the importance, fundamentalism, and structure of proofs in mathematics. Lehman et al. (2012) provided several correlations on how proofs factored in various disciplines in their research: