Cross Sectional Research Psychology

When one speaks of intelligence or how bright another person is, the often quoted figure is the IQ or intelligence quotient. It is the most often used standard of how smart a person is. This paper shall look at what intelligence tests measure, how the IQ tests measure intelligence and interrogate their history. It shall then apply the tests to school policy and hence evaluate their validity.

Knowledge isn’t all about what people know or how well they are in school. IQ tests test the intelligence of the person; however they test the pure thinking capacity rather than what people know. This means that intelligence comes from the entire cognitive thinking ability and not what they

This paper discusses the pros and cons of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III). First, important definitional, theoretical issues, including the nature of intelligence, a brief history, and pros and cons are discussed. Next, the development, reliability, validity, and assets and limitations of the WAIS-III are examined. This is followed by discussion of the meaning of IQ scores, use of successive level interpretation and cautions and guidelines for administration. Last, subtests, assessing special population groups, short forms, profile forms, and what a

In today’s modern world, recent scientific research has been conducted, which reveals that world-wide IQ test scores have risen, and continue to rise every year. In Alison Gopnik’s article, “Smarter Every Year? Mystery of the Rising IQs,” she discussed how these recent scientific discoveries relate to our society throughout the last century. It is evident that in our society a person’s level of intelligence is extremely important in our culture which is obsessed with being knowledgable. In her article, Gopnik addresses the historical evidence that supports the conclusion that people are getting smarter as the years go on because of today’s society. Gopnik effectively explains the fact that people’s IQs are rising every year, by using the results

Binet was involved in creating one of the more recent forms of intelligence test, referred to as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. A similar test is that formulated by Wechsler (Neisser et al. 1996). These led to the measure of IQ (“intelligence quotient”) being founded, where an individual’s “mental age is divided by their chronological age and multiplied by 100” (Gardner 2006, p. 3). The tests measure intelligence through verbal and non-verbal tasks, assessing scholastic aptitude, school achievement and specific abilities (Neisser et al. 1996, p. 78).

Intelligence quotient-also known as IQ-is the measure of the mind's ability to retain and interpret analytical facts. Educational institutes are largely conditioned to determine what the IQ score of a person is through standardized testing. These forms of testing are commonly focused on a person’s ability in short-term memory, analytical thinking, mathematical ability and spatial recognition. The standardized testing used in educational institute only accounts for a certain percentage of their actual IQ level. A person’s IQ proves how intelligent a person is, respective to the many forms of of acquiring knowledge-work experience, project experience, using the internet. The projection an educational institute suggests on a resume for a job screening, is that of the person's academic ability within the general demographic of persons with a similar IQ level-determined by a form of standardized testing. There are many assumptions that this statement suggestions. This revolves around the notion that individuals are attending institutes that respectively correlate to their

Differences have been observed in mean IQ levels for racial/ethnic groups, as measured by intelligence tests

With researching many articles regarding chronic pain management, the quantitative work yielded extraordinary results, leaving it at the top of the evidence hierarchy. This well generalizable, exploratory, non-experimental, retrospective cross-sectional paper states the problem is that “prescription drug overdoses are the leading cause of accidental death in the United States (Reimann, Welty, & Solomon, 2017 p.160).” The author then goes into further detail to explain how opioids have killed more than 28,000 people in 2014 which is backed by the reputable Centers for Disease Control. The purpose of the study was clearly and concisely noted to “gather [information] about the use of cannabis as a substitute for opioid and nonopioid based pain

3- Such studies, especially those that cover a wide age span, have another problem. Like longitudinal research, they can be threatened by cohort effects. (Berk 37)

Intelligence tests are inaccurate to measures true ability of a person because genes affect how a person responds to their surroundings, the tests cannot measure the person biological makeup or his true potential for being “smart”.

Intellect also changes as individual’s age. You have to realize that every individual has different levels and areas of cognitive skill because of factors like culture, as Gardner studied, and gender, as discovered by Schaie in the 1957 Seattle Longitudinal Study (Berger, 2014, p. 447-448). Your experience of intellectual change may also be different from your peers. Although you will continue to grow intellectually, you will not be able to expand your intellect as much as when you were younger (Berger, 2014, p. 446). Also, as you age, you may find yourself focusing on one task at a time, as your brain has a harder time being attentive to, processing, and juggling several tasks at once (Berger, 2014, p. 453). Furthermore, as was found by the

It was found in this study that the use of Block Design Test, in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, along with education of participants there was no decline in a person’s ability before the age of 55, but in older participants there was a substantial decline. Previous research with the Block Design Test from (Park et al., 2002), found in Ronnlund and Nilsson’s study, that the results were also in range of the normal data used by (Wechsler,

Once a person has an idea of what intelligence is and what it means, a final thought one might consider is what influences are responsible for the different types of intellect. Two possible influences are genetics and the environment in which one lives, with genetics being the strongest influence (Santrock, 2009, pg. 302). Most researchers agree that a person’s genetics and environment interact with one another to influence the outcome of that person’s intelligence (Santrock, 2009, pg. 302). Genetic influences should be pretty obvious, so there should be no need to explain it; a person’s environment on the other hand, can involve several factors. An environment can consist of elements such as a person’s school, home, friendships, family relationships, and workplaces. All of these components factor in to influence a person’s intelligence.

Cross‐sectional, in which scientists study a number of individuals of different ages who have the same trait or characteristic of interest at a single time

The drawback to cross-sectional studies is the inability to express cause and effect relationships between the variables being tested. Or to make a convincing observation in regards to the course of the connection between variables.It is because of the concept of the snapshot at the single moment, that prevents the consideration of before and after that specific moment is analyzed (What researchers mean by cross-sectional vs. longitudinal studies.,2009). As it relates to longitudinal studies, they are observational as well. However, it is over an extended period. Like cross-sectional studies, the researchers are not entering with the participants or respondents. This method studies the same subjects several times over a period of years. This technique gives the scholar the ability to measure the change of data to be collected over time. Longitudinal studies come in three prominent types panel, cohort, and retrospective. The panel study is a representative sample of participants, and the retroactive study utilizes historical data that is sometimes compared to improved