Cross Sectional Study In Health

Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in Australia's population. This is because the disease is also diagnosed with other conditions like renal and chronic kidney diseases. Cardiovascular disease extends at the end-stage of renal disease and is present even in moderate settings of chronic kidney disease. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2000), cardiovascular disease has a high prevalence rate in the population, making it a public health concern. The disease is the leading cause of death in the nation, and is causing considering burden on the population like illness, economic costs, and disability (Samani & van der Harst, 2008). The disease is also a public health concern for it affects both adults and children of all races and ethnicities. This analysis explores the scope of the disease among Australia's population, its effect on the population, mortality and morbidity studies, and social determinants of health.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the major health problem that most of the countries are facing today and one of such countries is Australia. It is estimated that about 1 million of Australian population is affected by cardiovascular diseases and is among the leading cause of death in Australia ("Department of Health | Cardiovascular disease", 2016). It is also observed that the Aboriginal population of Australia is more likely to develop cardiovascular disease than other Australians ("Department of Health | Cardiovascular disease", 2016). In order to examine the health issue such as cardiovascular disease among Aboriginal men and women using social

United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Healthy People 2020 (2018) recognizes cardiovascular disease as one of the most widespread and costly health problems in the United States, accounting approximately $320 billion in health care expenditures and related expenses annually. Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) identifies prevention of cardiovascular disease as one of the priorities and includes an objective “to increase overall cardiovascular health and quality of life for US population." (HHS, Healthy People 2020, 2018)

Although the term cardiovascular disease refers to a disorder of the cardiovascular system, it is usually associated with atherosclerosis, also known as arterial disease. It is considered the leading cause of deaths in the world, taking 17.1 million lives a year. There are only a few factors that are non-modifiable, these being the persons age, gender, family history and their race and ethnicity. Although there are non-modifiable risk factors, there are multiple multiple risk factors that are modifiable that anyone can use to prevent getting any type of cardiovascular disease. These people just need to have the motivation to be able to change themselves and their lifestyles in order to better

Heart disease, also known cardiovascular disease, is an illness like none other; it takes an unfortunate toll on the body and causes many malfunctions. People who deal with this disorder suffer from problems such as heart attacks, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and more. Although heart disease is a major concern for many people, it is not as prevalent for those in certain parts of the world. This paper compares the rates of heart disease in the United States versus those in Japan. After studying this disease and how it affects people around the world, it is clear that Americans have much higher rates of heart disease than the Japanese, mainly because of risk factors, like poor diets and lack of exercise. By studying the history of heart disease in both countries, the implications of the disorder, and different populations impacted, it is clear that heart disease is a major epidemic around the world. The evidence that reports the differences of heart disease rates between America and Japan is astounding.

Specific data was provided for different aspects of the study. For example, it was said that the study took place in Maori where the cardiovascular issue represents 31.7 % of the population which is higher than all of New Zealand (14.6 %) in total. The specific location of the study was also noted, describing the demographics of the location: “rural settings, a small city, and small towns.” The article also addressed the general benefit of implementing the AMCVR, and its ability to aid in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and is responsible for 17% of the national health expenditure (Heidenreich et al., 2011). In 1985, cardiovascular disease accounted for 10% of the gross domestic product. However, this number increased to 15% in 2008. Meanwhile, the expenses related to cardiovascular disease have increased

With researching many articles regarding chronic pain management, the quantitative work yielded extraordinary results, leaving it at the top of the evidence hierarchy. This well generalizable, exploratory, non-experimental, retrospective cross-sectional paper states the problem is that “prescription drug overdoses are the leading cause of accidental death in the United States (Reimann, Welty, & Solomon, 2017 p.160).” The author then goes into further detail to explain how opioids have killed more than 28,000 people in 2014 which is backed by the reputable Centers for Disease Control. The purpose of the study was clearly and concisely noted to “gather [information] about the use of cannabis as a substitute for opioid and nonopioid based pain

As mentioned before cardiovascular disease contributes to 42,603 deaths in 2013 and is the main cause of death in Australia. Many nations along with Australia agreed to create sets of goals to lower the fatalities caused by non-communicable diseases. This includes diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Despite efforts by the Australian government, cardiovascular disease still kills one Australian every twelve minutes. The reasoning on why the disease isn’t lowering in mortalities is from our increasing levels of poor lifestyle choices in both children and adults. Without any plans by the government to correctly present good lifestyle choices to the older population, the risk levels will only continue to rise higher and higher.

As we all know the second epidemiologic revolution on the 20th century refers to the time where the focus on health care shifted from addressing communicable illnesses to combating non-infectious diseases with proper education, early detection, and treatment. The second era as this period is also commonly known has been characterized by advances in life expectancy and attention to chronic diseases. During the second portion of the 20th century a decline in cardiovascular diseases has been observed and documented. Why these improvements? These positive changes have been the result of new discoveries in biomedical sciences, preventive and curative interventions, and general improvement in hygiene (Faseb, 2005). Some of those preventive mechanisms in place are anti-smoking and drinking in moderation campaigns, promotion on wellness, weight control, and regular exercise as part of a medical approach, as well as emphasis on the importance of regular sleep patterns.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of mortality worldwide, especially in developed countries. But they are also largely preventable, and many studies have tried to clarify the related risk factors, and what could be done to avoid them.

Title: “Are the number of visits of mobilizations and baseline conditioned pain modulation* associated with clinically important pain improvement** in patients with chronic idiopathic neck pain- A cross-sectional study?”

The number of U.S. deaths due to cardiovascular disease has drastically increased over the past century.

For a long time man has sought a way to quantify intelligence weather it be a single attribute or a set of many different kind abilities. One well-known test, devised to measure intellectual aptitude, is the intelligence quotient, or IQ test. Furthermore, we have been interested how IQ changes with age. Early on in twentieth century, cross sectional research determined that IQ increased throughout childhood, peaked at adolescence and declined from there on out. This cross sectional research involved different groups of people at different ages. The dilemma with such a data set is that it does not take into account many variables that skew these results as you are measuring different sets of individuals and their education level or quality of education (Berger, K. S. 2005).

Amoran and Iyaniwura (2012) carried out an analytical cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence and determinants of preventive treatment of malaria methods of pregnant women in a rural town in Western Nigeria. A total of 225 pregnant women that were due for delivery at primary health care centers were recruited for a structured questionnaire. Slightly more than half of the women knew that malaria was associated with low birth weight and “60.4% of the respondents reported that they received some information on malaria prevention during pregnancy. Doctors and nurses were revealed to be the source of education for 68.9% of women” (Amoran & Iyaniwura, 2012) but for many, family, friends, and community organizations were also informative. The