Cross-Successional, Two-Group Vervational Analysis : Design And Methods

Attention is thought to be selective-focused on one subject at a time. Traditionally, it has been assumed that automatic processing is involuntary, it does not require attention, and is relatively fast; whereas, controlled processing is voluntary, does require attention, and is relatively slow. We can conclude from this that the more we repeat a certain material or tasks the more it becomes automatic and effortless to us.

For example, it is physically impossible for your brain to do multiple assignments simultaneously. According to Karen Bradley, the brain “switches gears, which takes time, reduces accuracy, and inhibits creative thought” (Document D). Therefore, the brain is less efficient working on multiple tasks than working on them sequentially. By rapidly shifting between different gears in your brain as you multitask, you are wasting time and prolonging the job. What should take you an hour to complete, will take you twice as long to finish when you multitask.

-Sit-to-stand activity: using balance bar and shapes to increase attention span, concentration, and eye-hand coordination.

The study by Lee, Kim, and Na (2014) compared HT and a horseback riding simulator concerning their effects on static and dynamic balance in children with CP. This study consisted of 26 children ages 8-12 randomly divided into a HT group and a horseback riding simulator group. Both groups completed one hour of exercise, three days a week, for 12 weeks. The intervention consisted of anterior-sitting, posterior-sitting, and side-sitting exercises for ten minutes each. Both groups also received 20 minutes of physical therapy per session. This study used BPM software to measure static balance and the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) to measure dynamic balance, pre and post intervention. Data showed significantly decreased sway lengths in static balance

Postural stability is the capacity to maintain the body in a state of equilibrium in static and dynamic situations. This postural stability is regularly impaired poststroke(Yanohara et al., 2014).In hemiplegic patients, postural instabilityresulted by agreater postural sway and asymmetrical weight bearingthrough displacing the body's center of mass towards the unaffected side (Peppen, 2008).Some patients may have altered sense of midline and motor control deficits. Maintaining a postural stability is an essential prerequisite for the more advanced stages of motor control, including controlled mobility and skilled activity (Martin & Kessler, 2007).

After cognitive assessment, we will use a computerized system to evaluate standing balance. We will repeat balance assessment two more times, once participants will be simultaneously engaged in performing 0-back and once with the concurrent performance of

The first theory to look at is the Bottleneck Theory from the 1950’s by Donald Broadbent. Along with Broadbent, others also created bottleneck modeled theories. These people include Treisman and Deutsch. Their, “Models of Attention are all bottleneck models because they predict we cannot consciously attend to all of our sensory input at the same time,” (Selective Attention 1). However, Broadbent is recognized as one of the major contributors when it came to the research involved in this theory. He related selective attention to our working memory which is, that which holds our attention, and it works as our limited capacity storage.

This study was set forth to find out whether the association of hearing loss with subnormal cognitive testing piece persists when nonverbal cognitive tests of memory and attention are used. The authors predict normal performance of participants with hearing loss on the tests of memory and attention.

Dual-tasking is the simultaneous execution of two tasks, (McArdle, 2015) these tasks include two elementary cognitive tasks (ECT), or secondary tasks. ECTs are basic tasks which require a small number of mental processes (Caroll, 1993.) Dual-tasking is the combination of two ECTs. Main cognitive functions, utilised in ECTs, are affected during the process of dual-tasking – specifically in executive function and attention. Executive function includes complex mental processes such as: problem solving, planning and dual tasking as shown in a study by Zelazo (2002.) Attention includes mental processes such as the ability to concentrate on people; actions, objects and restraint from impulsive actions. This cognitive function, along with executive

Stability impairments can be addressed through conventional physical therapy techniques such as strengthening hip and knee extensors to develop a positive extensors support, regaining HAT control, promoting weight bearing on involved lower extremity, weight shifting, utility of assistive device and practicing proactive and reactive modes to challenge balance. In addition to the aforementioned therapy techniques, visual feedback with force platforms is often utilized clinically and is an effective approach for the treatment of balance/instability and mobility issues. This patient can be trained with the force platform and visual feedback (Biodex Balance Master) to appropriately identify and maintain his COG while having to respond and correctly

Several studies have supported the perceptual load theory and the capability of irrelevant distractors to be processed automatically. In a visual search task, performance in which there was an extra

The Functional Movement Screening was done by a certified athletic trainer for all participants. Y balance test and BESS was performed by the author. The FMS composite score ranges from 0 to 21. Y balance test composite score is calculated by summing the reach distance and normalizing to limb length by dividing the sum to three times the limb length and finally multiplying into 100. BESS error scores are summed together to give the final score.

In the current study, the authors are interested to explore the asymmetry in unipedal postural control during balancing on a multiaxial balance board between the preferred and non-preferred leg. Exercising with balance board is an effective method for regaining neuromuscular control by facilitating muscle activity [11,12], muscle onset latency [13], proprioception [14–16], joint stability [5] and balance [18–20]. Although training with balance board can conduct by double or single leg, one-leg balancing

The sit-to-stand (STS) movement, as a critical criterion to determine people’s functional level of the motor skills, is one of the most common used activities in the daily life. People rise from a sitting position to a standing position when they get off the bed after waking up in the morning, leave the dining table after lunch, go to the restroom from the seat at work, etc.

Kahneman’s model of divided attention suggests a concept of attention that is grounded in the knowledge of mental exertions. This is an account of how challenging the processing of a specific idea might be. Some tasks might be fairly automatic; in that they make use of little mental effort despite the fact they have great information content. Thus Kahnemann suggests a concept called attentional capacity. Attentional capacity will show the demands made at the perceptual level, the point where the idea is construed memory and the response selection stage. Kahnemann hence believes in the presence of a Central Processor that runs a Central Allocation Policy, continually assessing the stresses of each task and altering attention consequently. As such, when two complex tasks occur simultaneously and there is limited