Crystal Structures And Additive Manufacturing Report

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three-dimensional solid objects from a digital design. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process the desired object is created by laying down successive layers of material (usually molten alloy or plastics) until the entire object is formed. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the eventual object.

3D printing uses a process known as "additive" manufacturing. That means that the solid, three-dimensional object constructed will be made by adding the desired material in layers. The first successful outcomes of additive printing occurred back in the 1970’s. One of the advantages of using additive printing is that it takes less time than having to get a big enough piece of material and then making a mold before starting the process.(Additive) Those both also add to cost which is saved using this process. Also, there is a

In the nucleus of an atom there are protons and neutrons the number of protons and neutrons depends on the element and ,if it is an isotope of that element. E.g. carbon 12, carbon 12 has six neutrons six protons and 6 electrons . Electrons are located around the nucleus of the atom. Electrons are in shells, the shell closest to the nucleus is 1 , the one after 2 and so on. Each shell can only hold up to a certain number of electrons . the first can hold up to 2 , the second 8 (2+6) the third up to 18 (2+6+10). The general formula for finding out how many electrons a shell can hold is 2n^2. Electrons have a negative charge , while protons have a positive and neutrons have no charge. A atom has the same number of protons and electrons. An ion is formed when an atom loses or gains a electrons .

You must have a picture that shows the structure of the element (number of protons, neutrons, and electrons) and the shell pattern of the electrons.

It gives people power to create anything through knowledge and technology. According to Eddie Krassenstein, a co-founder and director of the largest 3D printing news publications on the web gave background information, on the history of 3D printers. The first 3D printer took 6-8 weeks to print an object, was invented by Charles Hull on March 9, 1983 (Eddie Krassenstein). With the advancement of technology, 3D printers can now printer within hours. As reported by, Robert Green a cadalyst author, a CAD programmer and an expert in CAD management expounds that, Three-dimensional printers are fast and easy to use nowadays. The printers allows people to print within hours instead of waiting weeks for your object to arrive. 3D printers use “plastics, nylon, rubber like materials, etc.” (Green 2). Mashable, a YouTube channel that uploads videos of the latest innovation in technology, global news, entertainment, and more. When we have downloaded the software into the computer and have a “blueprint or downloaded a design from thingiverse, then you can print” (Mashable). Thingiverse is a website where anyone can download free drawings and blueprints to various 3D objects and print them three dimensionally. After all the measurements of the object is correct and the design complete. You can send it or transfer it to the printer to print

Glass has a variety of unique properties. Glass is hard, very brittle, a good insulator, and does not react to other chemicals easily. In addition to this, glass is considered an amorphous solid. This means that the molecular structure of glass is mostly random. This is because in the process of making glass, glass is cooled so quickly that it does not have time to form or create a structure at the molecular level. This process is known as quenching.

Have you ever lost a limb? Have you ever needed a new car part? If so, the marvel of 3D printing can deliver these things. The future has truly arrived today, almost any object we can think of can become reality through 3D printing. 3D printing is the process of making a physical object from a digital model by layering a material until it forms the object. 3D printing shows a lot of potential for both recreational and practical uses, and I believe will help shape the future of technology.

The material of the substrate/wafer can be conventional silicon, glass, plastic, COC or any of a variety of materials that can be structured. Exemplary techniques for introducing the patterning into the substrate include photolithography, nanoimprint lithography, embossing of the structures into a plastic/COC based material and injection molding of a plastic or COC into a master mold that has the structures patterned into it. Photolithography based approaches will typically involve use of a photoresist that is patterned with a stepper or mask aligner, exposed with radiation which transfers the pattern present on a reticle/photomask into the photoresist, and then the resist is developed to yield a structured film (photoresist) on top of the substrate. The structured resist is potentially the final substrate which can be used for subsequent gel coating or the pattern in the resist can be transferred into the substrate via follow on processing. The follow on process steps will typically include reactive ion etching (plasma based etching) or a wet etch (chemically based) process. If the pattern is transferred into the substrate, the patterned photoresist is subsequently removed to yield the patterned substrate for subsequent gel coating. It may be desirable to use a sacrificial film of a material such as Chrome or Titanium (a metal) under the photoresist, and first transfer the pattern in the photoresist to the metal film and then use that film as a hard mask by which the pattern is transferred into the substrate. Following pattern transfer into the substrate, the films are removed and therefore considered sacrificial to the fabrication process. If nanoimprint lithography is used, the imprinted photoresist can be a sacrificial material and similarly be used as an intermediate tool to transfer the patterned resist into the

Glass is a vey common material used in everyday life and can be seen nearly everywhere you look. It can be found in; houses, class rooms, smart phones, glasses, microscopes, light bulbs etc. Even though it’s found nearly everywhere glass is used for various objectives and purposes. Glass itself is made by melting sand which is mostly composed of Silicon Dioxide at about 1700oC (Chris Woodford, “Glass”, 13/12/2017). In this report we are going to unpack what the special properties are in different types of glass and what processes the initial glass went through for it to be the most suitable for its function. A very common misconception is that it’s the glass itself that differs depending on what its used for however, its not the actual glass but instead there are other materials some examples being plastics ot make it flexible or metal ions to change colour that are combined with the initial glass.

Why go to stores and spend lots of money buying toys, jewelry, cups and many other plastic utilities when you can only press one button and print them out for yourself. This futuristic idea is not only innovating the scientific and technological world, but it is also innovating modern day households. The possibilities of 3D printing are extremely captivating, making this one of the most exciting innovations in recent times. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, makes three-dimensional solid objects from a digital model or command. To picture how this process works, 3D printers use an additive process, where adding layers of a successive material creates an object. Traditional machines, however, uses a subtractive process by

Another type of solid is an amorphous solid. These solids are formed when a liquid is suddenly cooled. An amorphous solid has no regular crystal structure but does have definite volume and shape. Amorphous solids are classified as viscous, or slowly flowing, liquids. These solids do not have sharp melting points. Also, amorphous solids have a wide range of melting points. Examples of amorphous solids are butter, plastic, rubber, and coal ("States of Matter").

3D Printing is a unique kind of printing system, which takes a 3D image file and creates a physical 3D image. As I mentioned before 3D files are generated from what is called a .stl file, which is a compressed triangular meshed surface. “These .stl files were originally intended for a rapid prototyping process called Stereolithography, and in the beginning were generated by CAD programs; however, because MRI and CT’s are surface scans, they too can generate a .stl file. These .stl files have become a world standard for exchanging 3D mesh type objects between programs” (McNeel, Sep. 2015, par. 3). Since MRI’s and CT’s can be scanned and converted into stl files it has paved the way into many different aspects of the medical and dental industry for 3D printing. When I say the medical and dental industry I am talking about many different avenues within those industries.

With the very limited supply of organs, 3D printing creates functioning organs without a donation from a living organism. The definition of 3D printing from Charles W. Hull, the inventor of 3D systems, states that “...thin layers of a material that can be cured with ultraviolet light were sequentially printed in layers to form a solid 3D structure” (Murphy & Atala 773). The sheer narrow sheets play a vital role in bioprinting. They allow the printers to develop functional, layering individual cells, proteins, and an extracellular matrix. The three basic types of 3D printing include biomimicry, independent self- assembly, and miniature tissue blocks. The creation of the 3D structure creates all the difference between these types of printing. Three dimensional structure approaches include, creating exact duplicates of the cells and tissues with extensive knowledge, using a developing embryo as a template or using microscopic tissues to assemble into a larger developed tissue (Kalaskar). In other words, all these paths to bioprinting end up with a 3D structure but require different knowledge and materials. They all contain their own sets of challenges.

In order to understand how a 3D printer actually makes things, it helps to “think of a real-life topographical map: the 3D printer lays down incremental layers—one on top of another to build a 3D model. A 3D printer works in a similar fashion to a typical2D printer. The 3D printer extrudes,

3D printing is a technology that was invented in the early 1980s by a man named Charles Hull (Ventola, 2014). Since its creation, 3D printing has branched into many different aspects of the world and is being utilized in fields like the automotive industry, medicine and is even being used for everyday purposes. Later on, Charles Hull founded a company called 3D Systems which developed the first ever 3D printer. In 1988, Hull and his company 3D Systems, put forth the first commercially available 3D printer. From this point on, 3D printing would be advanced and evolved to the point where it would have the opportunity to create a revolutionary impact on the world we