Cucumber as Stain Remover

The purpose of this lab was to determine the empirical formula of copper oxide compound. In the lab, hydrochloric acid and copper oxide compound was mixed until it formed a blue solution. An oxidation-reduction reaction, a reaction in which there is an exchange of electrons between elements, was performed by adding zinc to the solution to displace the copper in copper chloride. Zinc, in this case, was oxidized by losing two electrons (0 → 2+) while copper was reduced by gaining two electrons (2+ → 0). Also, when the copper was displaced, it became a precipitate, which is a substance that comes out of a solution as a solid due to insolubility.

In this task the concentration of an unknown sample of copper sulphate using colorimetry was used to find the concentration. In this investigation copper sulphate was used which is CuSO4.5H20 as a formula. To make a standard solution which was 1M, the same clean equipment was used to make up the standard solution as used to make sodium carbonate. However there was one difference and that was that the hot distilled water was used to dissolve the copper sulphate crystals. There had to be enough hot water in order to dissolve the crystals into the beaker and then add cold distilled water to cool the solution.

Lycopene and β-carotene are separated using thin layer chromatography (TLC). A mixture of tomato paste containing dissolved lycopene and β-carotene is first spotted on a TLC plate. The technique uses a stationary phase layer, on which the substances stick, and a mobile phase, which migrates upwards the plate and carries the components of the mixture with itself (Chemguide). Depending on their respective polarity, lycopene and β-carotene stick more or less to the stationary phase and so they migrate up the TLC plate at different rates (Chemguide). Thus, as the chromatography is completed, the two components will appear as distinct dots at different heights on the plate. Lycopene has a bright orange color, whereas β-carotene is light yellow.

In the beginning of this experiment, our TA added water, salt, and 75/25 hexane/acetone to spinach leaves to a blender and blended the mixture to assume equal amounts for each group and to avoid erros if each student had to do the blending. The addition of the water to the mixture allowed the it to separate into a distinct organic layer after being run in a centrifuge, which was available to be collected at the top of the centrifuge. Salt reduces solubility, which will force the organic parts of the mixture (the desired pigments for example) to separate into the organic layer at the top. Lastly, 75/25 hexane/acetone is added because this is a moderately polar solvent and will useful for both the non-polar and polar pigments present within the spinach leaves. A mixed solution of hexanes and acetone must be used because acetone is very polar, while hexane in very non-polar, and the spinach leaves contain both non-polar and polar pigments in them that are important in the extraction and for further analysis. The mixture was placed in the centrifuge so the solids in the mixture (mostly cellulose) could be separated from the liquids into separate distinct layers for further extraction and testing. In the tube, the organic substances separated into the top layer, whereas the water layer remains at the bottom of the tube below the solid layer made up of mainly cellulose.

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the specific pigments that are found in each of the chosen plant leaves, as well as, discover the intermolecular forces present in each leaf. This is accomplished by using a technique called chromatography, which splits a mixture or solution into its different parts based on the mixtures ability to dissolve in a chosen solvent. Chromatography works by placing a strip of chromatography paper, that has a small amount of mixture on it, into a cup of the specific solvent chosen. In this experiment, one hundred percent acetone was chosen to be the solvent. Once the small amount of the mixture is aligned with the solvent, the mixture will begin to separate and rise by capillary action based on the solubility,

Before the synthesis of the Copper Iodine Compound, the identities provided (CuNO3)2 and Nal weighed 1.65 g and 4.7 g, respectively. After being weighed, the (CuNO3)2 exhibited a blue color, while the Nal, through observation, was a white color. However, when both identities were combined, the product turned into a brown and red rocky material. Once 20 mL of deionized water was added, the product quickly turned pale pink paste. After the solution was repeatedly washed with a total of an additional 100 mL of deionized water, the product was powdery and pink with small grains, and was left to air-dry. Once the product was air dried, it was observed to be a pale pink color, while the filter paper was stiff as the product was hard and dry. Therefore, the solid was scraped off onto a recrystallizing dish. However, the mass of an empty recrystallizing dish needed to be recorded in order to compare how much of the synthesized copper iodide was obtained. Within this case, the empty recrystallizing dish used weighed 32.01 g, the product on the empty dish weighed 1.03 g, having a total weight of 33.04 g.

INT Task 3: Toilet Paper Absorbency Project Design Plan Problem Statement: Absorbency of toilet paper is found in many aspects when it comes to choosing the right toilet paper. When choosing toilet paper people base their decisions on many factors. Those factors include price, name brand, availability, quantity for the price, and even media deliverance (i.e. commercials) of toilet paper. Although these factors are of key importance, what about the absorbency of toilet paper? This experiment is conducted in the hopes of showing three different levels of absorbency. Testable Question: How does the saturation of three different brands of toilet paper compare? Literature Review: Based off two previous scientific experiments that were found,

Results: There were different food dyes, solutions, beakers, chromatography strips, Erlenmeyer flasks, tooth picks, and watch glasses on the lab tables. There was also a ruler and a pencil. The first thing I did was prepare two strips of chromatography paper as instructed in the procedures. Next I used a toothpick

Coffee, tea and red wine are some major staining culprits. What do they have in common? Intense color pigments called chromogens that attach to the white, outer part of your tooth (enamel). (http://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/t/tooth)Because of their acidity, bright red hue and tendency to cling to the teeth, the tomatoes in pasta sauce can leave your teeth vulnerable to staining. Dine on some dark green veggies, such as broccoli, kale and spinach, beforehand to create a protective film over the teeth. The film will ward off tomatoes' staining effect, so spring for a green salad as an appetizer. Curry, a spice that works well in Indian food and exotic dishes, is also a cause of discolored teeth. Its deep pigmentation can yellow teeth

Keeble Outlets sells bulk dish towels in sets on 12. These bleach-safe towels are 100% cotton, which is the best fabric to use when cleaning up spills. These towels are white with a blue strip down the middle and are even used in four and five star restaurants. They are also guaranteed to keep their color, even after hundreds of washes. Your own set will be a great addition to your kitchen.

- General perception of natural products being not that natural and environment friendly, expensive and not good at getting the job done presents Clorox with a challenge that it needs to break out of.

The introduction of the Charmin toilet paper in the market was done in the 1920’s where it was known to help people in their experiences in the bathrooms by making it more enjoyable. The toilet paper has penetrated into different markets making it one of the best-selling toilet papers. The company has had to use different strategies to ensure that they remain the number one toilet paper in the different markets that they operate in. Continuous re-engineering of the product is done to ensure that it meets the standards of the market and this has made it more convenient for the customers and the company returns also increase. The recognition of the needs of the market makes the product become every one’s choice and the constant research and development makes the company stay ahead of competition. Charmin toilet paper research and use of different marketing strategies makes the product popular increasing their sales.

The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize two organic dyes then observe their effective dye strength on various synthetic and natural materials. This was achieved by means of chemical reactions outlined below, heat to increase the reaction rate, ice baths to precipitate out the product, vacuum filtration to isolate the product, washing with water and 95% ethanol to purify the product, and dying of the clothe to observe dye effectiveness. The test of the effectiveness of the dye required that the fabric absorb one wavelength and then reflect the opposing color, and then be able to keep the color through basic washing. The presence of the dye on the fabric can be caused by ionic interaction, hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding, or simply

The second procedure performed was the simple stain test. The simple stain was conducted by first, creating an emulsion of ¼ of the initial CFU. Second, a series of dyes and solutions were used to determine the morphology of the CFU (crystal violet, iodine, ethanol alcohol, safranin, and deionized water (DI water). Third, a light microscope was used clearly view the morphology. In addition, if the morphology was was cocci a coagulase test was followed. If the morphology was bacilli, then further research was conducted to identify common skin microbes that are catalase

The purpose of this experiment is to obtain isolation of individual species of particles from the mixed culture. This is completed through the isolation technique of streak plate. The objective of this experiment is to replicate the technique of streak plate but on a much larger scale. Because it is on a larger scale the particles are able to be visually observed as they are isolated using the streaking technique as the experiment is conducted. The benefits of the streaking technique is when a cultures has multiple species they are able to be more easily identified once they have been isolated. This experiment is much like the experiments completed on an agar plate but on one a much larger scale and where techniques