Cultural Tensions : New Zealand Essay

There is recurrent tension between the maintenance of Indigenous culture and essentially assimilating to the rules and regulations of the predominantly white society in Australia (Dockrey, 2010). Australia’s Aboriginal culture represented the oldest surviving culture in the world (Aboriginal culture, 2017). The traditions include having at least 270 different language groups and 500 dialects in the indigenous community (Shareourpride.org.au, n.d). The vast amount of languages and dialects were present to represent the intellect of Indigenous Australians. Language is a strong aspect of Indigenous culture as it connects and influences many Indigenous tribes as it is their form of communication. The environment also connects aboriginal people spiritually to their land and provides them with a sense of identity (Jackson 1999). Although there were many different groups and clans in the past, the tribes fighting over the land was a rare occurrence (Treatyrepublic.net 1996). This showcases the connection and respect they exhibited for the land and maintaining structure was their main priority. Additionally common law was a way that Indigenous Australians could preserve the ecosystem and cultural integrity, through their spiritual and emotional connection with the land (Langton 1996, p.10). However due to the colonization, there was less formal acknowledgement for Indigenous

So what does “multiculturalism” mean? In simple terms multiculturalism is the coexistence, acceptance or promotion of multiple cultures in a singular geographic or democratic jurisdiction. Multiculturalism has been a huge part of this study as Australia as a nation is diversified into a various cultural aspects. The concept of multiculturalism has become a widely accepted and embraced fact around the world as more and more countries have adopted to the global policies of acceptance which not only helps the nation economically but also contributes towards the growth of various cultural boundaries and also helps develop knowledge about wide spread variety of customs and culture groups around the world. Ultimately the essence of multiculturalism in any society is to eradicate the feeling of an outsider and accept ethnic and racial groups as their our and build the concept of unity in

Center convictions and qualities are gone from folks to kids and schools, places of worship, organizations and the Government is strengthened by. New Zealand is a multicultural country lives in the nation in each and every gathering so they put their things as per the gathering, as per the Group on the particular's chicagos pizza sort to use with a mixed bag of beverages so made.

I n t h e p a s t , Australia has participated in substantial events, poised against other ethnicities, but as Australia’s identity emerges, we discover just how far we’ve come since the White Australia Policy and the Cronulla Riots. However, under closer inspection, we discover the real truth, and that is that we truly haven't moved forward at all, and that realistically we put up the facade of being a multicultural country, but once that mask is removed, Australia is just the same as it was all those many years ago.

This essay will discuss Australia’s multicultural policy. It will critically examine the key issues of Australia’s multicultural policy such as limiting racism and aiming for social justice by accepting everyone into Australia. The international federation of library

This paper is divided into two parts. In the first part the concepts or race, ethnicity, prejudice and racism are defined and how they are connected is discussed. Part 2 of the paper looks at the ‘White Australia’ policy and why it was introduced. The impact of such a racist immigration history on contemporary Australia is also discussed in terms of attitudes and behaviours of the population.

Australia is a settler nation which is now made up of many ethnic groups who share similar cultural traditions, common language, shared history and a shared identity (ABS, 2016). These groups contribute to what is referred to multiculturalism. Australia has a higher proportion of people born overseas than the US, Canada and the UK, with 49% of Australia’s population (or a parent) being born overseas (Census of Population and Housing, 2016). Compared to other Western nations, Australia has one of the most diverse immigration populations (Collins, 2013, p. 145). The meaning of multiculturalism in Australia has changed significantly over time. Today, Australia is a culturally and ethnically diverse country and therefore is a multicultural society. In terms of public policy, multiculturalism can be defined as policies and practices implemented by the Australian government that aim to manage cultural diversity to benefit the whole of society (Department of Social Services, 2014). Although Australia is a multicultural society, there are criticisms of public policy surrounding multiculturalism.

Australia has always been a multicultural country, the first immigrants that came to Australia were the British in 1788. During this phase of European settlement various policies were created to address cultural diversity. One of the most infamous policies was that of assimilation that forced Australian Aboriginal people and migrants to give up their own culture and heritage and assimilate to colonial Australian culture. Eventually this policy was revised to Multiculturalism. That as a policy in Australia refers to handling the ramifications of diversity, bearing in mind that all Australians have the right to a cultural identity, all citizens must be able to express their cultural inheritance. Whether Multiculturalism is advantageous for Australia or not is a very controversial topic. There is a side that argues that multiculturalism could threaten the lifestyle of many Australians. On the other hand, research demonstrates that from an Australian perspective it has been mostly advantageous. This essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of multiculturalism in Australia, with regard to economical, historical and social perspectives.

This article examines the attitudes that New Zealanders have developed in response to immigration patterns and policy. Exploring how social hierarchy and ethnicity shape immigration tolerance through economic inequality concerns, perceptions of threat and protection of Maori rights. Douglas gives substantiated arguments relevant to discussions on the bicultural environment of New Zealand politics and argues for the importance of political recognition for Maori.

Political ideologies are the beliefs, morals and ethics held on what is the optimum way of governing a country (Jost, Federico, & Napier, 2009). They have long guided the elected governments behaviour, particularly in effect to Social Policy decisions; determining what policy initiatives will be elected and what is the best way of implementing such policies. New Zealand has had various political ideologies brought in by different governments; such as Social Democracy, Social Liberalism, Neo liberalism, Neo Conservatism and Conservatism. For the basis of this Essay, the focus will be on two of the most significant influences; Social Democracy and Conservatism. Both ideologies have had period 's of dominance in New Zealand 's Social policy history where they have impacted the general functioning of society. Their view of the state, and general morals have been strongly reflected in the policy initiatives there exponents have brought in. For Social Democracy, it being the 1938 Social Security Act and the various implementations of Keynesian Economic Management in the 1940s and 1980s; and for Conservatism, the Pensions for miners and returned servicemen, and the introduction of private prisons. The both having considerable impact not only on New Zealand society but the development of more progressive forms of political ideology. It will be argued that the resulting policies from the Social Democracy and Conservatism ideologies most notable influence is

Biculturalism is quite a specific concept, but there are many diverse perceptions and interpretations on what it should look like. Ultimately, we can define biculturalism as two distinct cultures that exist in the same place and country (Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary, 2010). Biculturalism in New Zealand refers to the two dominant cultures here, which are Maori and Pakeha (Ritchie, 1992). It has been known that New Zealand, before the Treaty of Waitangi was established, was widely a bicultural nation. The British settlers and Maori were exploring and examining ways to live in parallel with each other (Hayward, 2012). New Zealand was bicultural in multiple ways as both communities were effective in living within their own cultures in the same land. Throughout the years, Maori and Pakeha have learned each other’s ways of living resulting in the adaption of both cultures. This raises the first bicultural people of New Zealand, the Maori-Pakeha; Pakeha that lived in Maori

The article, Stereotypical Constructions of the Maori ‘Race’ in the Media, written by Melanie Wall (1997), can be summarised as an article focusing on the effect the colonisation of New Zealand had on the Maori as a population. It mainly focuses on the way Maori have been imagined as the stereotypical ‘Black Other’. It speaks of the perpetuation and (re)formation of Maori identities, including the way Maori are constrained by their ‘Black Other’ stereotype within New Zealand. The article talks about representations of race through ‘identity images’, the effect of the Maori Renaissance (in particular its effect on identity formations), and Maori Stereotypes in the Media.

“From the 1970s, a major cultural shift known as the ‘Maori Renaissance’ created a context for the emergence of a Maori perspective in New Zealand filmmaking.” The New Zealand feature film, Ngati is considered to be a product of the ‘Maori Renaissance’ and it remains a noteworthy film today for being the first film directed a Maori, namely Barry Barclay. This essay seeks to examine the racial representations of Maori and Pakeha, the historical context of the late 1940s and the Maori identity in Ngati. Barclay’s film is unlike previous films such as The Romance of Hinemoa, The Te Kooti Trial and Rewi’s Last Stand which was based on a dominating Pakeha perspective. The release of Ngati signalled a turn of tables in favour of Maori as they were able to present Maori and Pakeha representations, the historical context of the late 1940s and Maori identity from their perspective.

(New Zealand Government, 2015, para. 1). Prime Minister John Key, the main advocate for change, officially launched such discussion last year in a public address he gave at Victoria’s University in Wellington. One of the main points presented in Key’s (2014) speech were his views on how he believes Moreover Key (2014) also argued (para. 88). So far the Prime Ministers proposal failed to inspire the public. On the contrary, it has produced a substantial amount of controversy. The main arguments seem to revolt around the issues of cost, process, national symbol, history and change. This paper will look more closely into each of these aforementioned public differences and close with my own view concerning this debate.

The three sections discuss the impact of systematic dispossession of Maori land in Aotearoa New Zealand during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The first section, Wynyard draws on Marx’s theory of primitive accumulation. Primitive accumulation in the New Zealand context is perceived as an alienation of Maori land for colonial settlers. Likewise, it represents a countless amount of force, fraud, and oppression towards Maori in order to operate a capital accumulation. In other words, it is a form of cultural theft in stealing Maori lands and resources (Heim, 1998). Thus, primitive accumulation causes indigenous Maori left with nothing besides selling themselves as labor to work for the European civilization. This concept is similar to how capitalism was formed in the early colonization in Europe through the same progress of stealing the land and the development of agriculture. The second section, Wynyard covers the case of the Native Land Court where he titled the section as the Theft made legal. The Native Land Court is an intention of freeing up the so-called Theft in obtaining legal act through creating the law in a way to benefit the settlers. The main mean of this act is to maintain the system of British law. This law is launched to completely destroy and ignore the Maori laws through establishing courts, institution and land acts that permit them to