Current Challenges And Problems With Antimalarial Therapy

Brian, G, Y., Greenwood, D, A., Fidock, Dennis, E, K., Stefan, H, I. Kappe, P., Alonso, L., Frank, H and Collins, P (2008) “Malaria progress and prospects for eradication.” Journal Clinical Investiment. 118: 1266-1276.

Background - Malaria is a water borne disease. It is spread by a parasite-carrying mosquito. It kills many people and reduces a country 's capacity to develop. There are different strategies to combat malaria. Around half the population is at risk of malaria and this disease is active in 106 counties across Africa, Asian and the Americas (see source 3). the global annual mortality from malaria is between 1.5 - 3 million deaths, or between 4000 and 8000 each day. Developing countries are most vulnerable to Malaria and as shown on source 2 Malaria has been spread across many various other countries including in Europe, but these countries have eradicated Malaria.

Malaria is a disease that affects nearly 600 million people and causes more than a million deaths a year, the most coming from children under five. This disease is regularly found in more than 100 countries around the world and affects 40% of the world’s population. It is most commonly transmitted by an infected Anopheles mosquito. The most deadly form of malaria is known as Plasmodium falciparum because almost all deaths from malaria are caused by this specific one. Some of the symptoms that are affiliated with this strand of malaria are the destruction of red blood cells along with complications with the kidneys, lungs, and brain. In more serious cases, it can cause permanent neurological effects and even death. As the Nobel Assembly said at the announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, “Diseases caused by parasites have plagued humankind for a millennium and constitute a major global health problem. In particular, parasitic diseases affect the world’s poorest populations and represent a huge barrier to improving human health and wellbeing”. Youyou Tu, one of the winners of the prize, discovered Artemisinin, “a drug that has significantly reduced the mortality rates for patients suffering from malaria by killing the malaria parasites an early stage of their development.”

There have been many attempts at preventing malaria, none of which have been very successful. These have usually involved protecting human beings from mosquitoes, the dreaded carriers

In the United States, many diseases like the flu are treated easily by available drugs administered by pharmacies. However, in third world countries like Africa, medical supply is not affordable in environments festered with contaminated water supply and lack of food sources. Sub-Saharan Africa is plagued by many diseases, but the most common disease is Malaria. Malaria is a type of disease that is spread by the female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. An individual will start to experience high fevers and chills. If left untreated, the individual could possibly die (Heyneman, 2014). Antimalarial drugs are a type of treatment that can counteract this disease. Doxycycline is an antimalarial drug that is commonly used, however its

Quinolines are remarkable scaffold found in several biological and pharmaceutical agents.1 Many tetrahydroquinoline moieties are known to be an interesting therapeutic agents.2 For example, the tetrahydroquinoline-based natural product (Fig.1) isolated from Galipea officinalis have been reported as potent antimalarial

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: it is an antimalarial agent to treatment RA, it’s usually better than gold or penicillamine.

In the seventeenth century a group of Jesuits brought back tree back that had quinine in it from Peru. This proved to cure malaria and was a major step in malaria treatment. The complexity of the malaria parasite is astounding, as it has six separate cycles in which half occur in the mosquito and half occur in the human body. Due to this extremely complex life cycle, there is no easy way out to target one point, and to fully eradicate malaria the entire global population would have to be on anti-malarial pills for the entire life cycle of a mosquito.

"Malaria Cure." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2015. .

Venezuela is known for its gold mining activities that take place there. These mines are the breeding sites for mosquitoes. The rate of malaria here is very high but they try to fight it. It was the first nation to be certified by the WHO for eradicating malaria in its most populated areas. The malaria is spread to the society once the miners come back home. Sometimes the number of victims rises up to a point where they take all malaria medicine all (Rodriguez, 2014). By 1994, the malaria deaths had fallen by 9%. As days are going by, there are some changes in the handling of the malaria issue. Though there is a lot going in Venezuela, there is shortage of nearly all anti-malaria drugs. The government of Venezuela should ensure that neighbors are not attacked.

Malaria is a life threatening disease that has the capability of impacting the lives of about 3.2 billion people around the world. This large amount of people accounts for almost half of the world 's population. In the United States alone, there are about 1,500 cases of malaria every year. Although Malaria is preventable, and even curable, many countries do not have the money and resources to fight this disease. 1As of 2015, there are 97 countries and territories that are known to have ongoing cases of malaria transmission and there were 214

Around 300-600 million people suffer from malaria each year, and over one million people die from this disease every year, mostly children younger than five. This disease is endemic to over 100 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and the South Pacific, almost 40% of the world population. Malaria is caused by a parasite that is transferred by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The most deadly form of malaria is known as Plasmodium falciparum because almost all deaths from malaria are caused by this specific one. In addition to being the deadliest form of malaria, Plasmodium falciparum destroys red blood cells along with causing complications with the kidneys, lungs, and brain. In more serious cases, it can cause permanent neurological effects and even death. As the Nobel Assembly said at the announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, “Diseases caused by parasites have plagued humankind for a millennium and constitute a major global health problem. In particular, parasitic diseases affect the world’s poorest populations and represent a huge barrier to improving human health and wellbeing”. Youyou Tu, one of the winners of the prize, discovered Artemisinin, a drug that has significantly reduced the mortality rates for patients suffering from malaria by killing the malaria parasites an early stage of their development.

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) states that it is important to address Malaria because as earlier stated, it effects 3.2 billion people, which means that almost half of the world’s population is at risk. Malaria is also a huge cause of death worldwide because in developing countries with warm climates, it is hard for them to get the proper resources they need in order to cure the disease. Although it is hard to find someone with Malaria in the U.S., it is very common in warm developing countries mostly because that is where the Anopheles mosquitos thrive the best. Therefore, the main reason for Malaria is the lack of resources and knowledge from these developing countries. Because they are developing countries with little money, it is hard

Our findings on rapid decline of malaria incidence and mortality within these study areas are contributed by implementations of national malaria control program and collaborating partners. Various projects were implemented to address the spread of artemisinin resistance during the study period (2010-2014), including NMPC control activities, MARC (Myanmar Artemisinin Resistance Containment) (2011-2013), and RAI (Regional Artemisinin Resistance Initiative) (2014-2016). The Myanmar Artemisinin Resistance Containment (MARC) is a project done in

The results showed different decreased parasitemia levels in different concentrations of saffron extract and fractions. On the day 4th the aqueous extract (1050 mg/kg) reduced parasitemia significantly. on the day 7th ethyl acetate (700 mg/kg) and aqeous extract (350 and 700 mg/kg) reduced parasitemia significantly (p<0.05). Ethyl-700 and aqu-1050 Crocus sativus extract significantly prolonged the average of mean survival time of P. berghei infected mice over a period of 28 days compare to placebo group. The results of the present work supported the Traditional use of the plant against malaria and confirmed the antimalarial activity of the plant. Moreover, antimalarial compounds can be isolated