Current Legal Frmework For Control Of Activities

Usually, there is no culture or mores which are against the oil and gas industry. The worker work in relaxing working hours and for the professional and skilled workers can get the higher salary such as the chief engineer, captain or master of the ship. Most of the population assume this industry like a necessary for development and will improved living standard in future (Academic Sample Papers, 2015). Anyway, some of the people will think that the oil and petroleum industry is a main source of pollution the environment. Thus, they think that government should take an action upon the creation of pollution and start the law for pollution reduction. (UKessays,

incidents at oil and gas sites… …oil and gas sector from a host of federal pollution rules that

The way of drilling through the earth’s surface and water using hydraulics, high-pressure system, and chemicals to obtain natural gasses and oil is a heated debate. North Carolina citizens are against this type of energy because it does have many risks involved not only to the environment, but to the wildlife, and the citizens in the surrounding area as well. With the drilling has the potential to spills harmful wastewater and can pollute rivers and lakes which North Carolinians take pride in. The methane gas stirred loose during the drilling process can end up in tap water, causing it to ignite (Environment of N.C.,

Nevertheless, such facts about Nigeria as fear of Ebola epidemics spreading across its territory, growing rates of corruption, a presence of Boko Haram Islamist group, and a great dependence of the national currency from oil prices stand against drawing Canadian companies to it. In this case, understanding and possibility

Developed countries extract and refine fossil fuels in third world countries or in other localities through fracking and deep water drilling that will have no direct effect on the people benefiting from them. Poorer communities in the US commonly located near fracking sites have high rates of cancer and unsafe drinking water, but due to the lobbying power of fossil fuel corporations, government agencies turn a blind eye through a pay-to-pollute system. Corporations net more money paying the fines for pollution and purchasing dumping permits than they would if they chose not to conduct operations. Royal Dutch Shell’s irresponsible drilling operations in the Niger Delta have left local communities with completely polluted rivers, killing fish and polluting a clean source of drinking water as well as dramatically decreasing life expectancy. “Shell and the other oil companies operating there are still not doing enough to either prevent spills, or clean them up” (Dummett 2015). The complete lack of corporate social responsibility is an integral feature of our economic model, where affluent cities and suburban communities excessively consume and create waste at the expense of the less

Not everybody, especially the people who live nearby gas wells, has the equivalent level of living in an uncontaminated environment regarding any ecological regulations, and developments. Even though, the main

The Federal Surface Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (FSCRA) attempted to shift some of the responsibility for environmental consequences to the private contractors who rely on mining for privatized profit (Menzel 1981 et al. Chan 2017). Notably, the FSCRA did not attempt to mitigate environmental degradation derived from oil drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Whereas, oil drilling and hydraulic fracturing tend to fall underlies stringent regulations, but NEPA still applies to these processes. The consequences of oil drilling and hydraulic fracturing “include deforestation, ecosystem destruction, chemical contamination of land and water, long-term harm to animal populations (particularly migratory birds and marine mammals)” (O’Rourke 2003, 594). In addition, hydraulic fracturing require an extractive fluid which often entails the usage of chemicals that are “either carcinogenic or associated with numerous health problems affecting the eyes, skin, lungs, intestines, liver, brain, and nervous system” (Kargbo 2010, 5681). For example, in New York it has been confirmed that “formaldehyde, pesticides, acids, and numerous other hazardous materials” have been found in “hydrofracture fluids” (Kargbo 2010, 5681). The extraction of coal, oil, and natural gas degrades the environment and has the most detrimental impacts locally.

Jonah Gbemre instituted a lawsuit on behalf of himself and the Iwhereken Community in Delta State, in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria against Shell Petroleum Development Company Nigeria Ltd, NNPC and the Attorney General of the Federation . Alleging violations of both constitutional provisions and those of the African Charter under the fundamental rights enforcement procedure in the Nigerian constitution, the Plaintiffs claimed that sections 33(1) and 34(1) of the constitution, their right to life and the dignity of the human person and articles 4, 16 and 24 of the African Charter had been violated by the oil exploration and production activities of Shell, which led to incessant gas flaring . In addition, the plaintiffs alleged that the continuous gas flaring by the MNCs had led to the pollution of the environment, exposing the community to the risk of premature death, respiratory illnesses, asthma and cancer . Their crop production was alleged to have been ruined by pollution thereby adversely affecting their food security . Furthermore, many of the natives were said to have died with many more were suffering from various illnesses causing the Plaintiffs to complain that the community had been left in a state of gross underdevelopment . One of the many grounds on which the defendants hinged their case, according to Amao, was that the quoted articles of the African Charter , under the Nigerian fundamental rights enforcement procedure, do not create enforceable rights . Due

The case of The Cerny family was given as an example in a 47 page web journal written by Sharon Wilson of Earthworks titled Reckless Endangerment While Fracking the Eagle Ford. Where it was explained that this was a family that lived in Karnes city, Texas where “18 oil wells have been drilled and fractured within a mile of the Cernys” and that this family was a witness and a victim of all of the previously mentioned air pollutants even “propane-rich gas” which sprung up their families “deteriorating health.” The concerns and documented cases such as the Cerny family all over America of fracking caused air contamination due to the excessive release and burning of methane gas and active organic compounds into the atmosphere and air caught yet again the attention of the government. In 2012, the EPA placed a new rule for the sake of air quality on natural gas wells requiring the gas to be captured after drilling instead of venting or burning the excess and said to “reduce volatile organic compound emissions by 95%.” The passing of this ruling spread a rejoiceful moment of relief for those that were affected by the life impeding air pollution of hydraulic

British Petroleum is a multinational corporation that provides fuel for transportation, energy for heat and light, and petrochemicals products for everyday items to its customers. It operates in more than 80 countries and produces approximately 3.2 million barrels of oil per day. Throughout the course of British Petroleum’s life cycle it has been involved in a number of legal dilemmas which related to environmental, safety, and political issues. The purpose of writing this report is to evaluate British Petroleum’s legal business practices and ethical responsibilities within its corporation. Evaluating multinational corporations are important for the overview of the company because any legal issues that may

oil in Nigeria. Nigeria’s large supply of high quality crude oil helped Shell climb to the top,

     Violation of Human Rights, destruction of the environment, and denial of freedom of speech and congregation are the ethical issues raised in this case. The Human Rights violations are many. The Nigerian special police force raped, tortured, and murdered hundreds who spoke out against the tyrannical government. All together they killed 2,000 Ogoni, razed 27 villages and displaced over 80,000 people who fled into the bush as refugees. The oil spills by the Shell Company, the lying of the pipeline across farmlands, and

Most children in the Niger delta have little or no education, due to lack of funds from their parents who have lost their lands and have no jobs because of limited opportunities. The Niger delta government and the oil companies have refused to look into the situation; instead they favor their close relations neglecting the masses. Corruption in the Niger delta has led some youths in taking drastic measure in order to put food on their table. For example, Ikechukwu Efe an indigene of the Niger delta said that some of his friends created their own “oil refinery”, which is made up of crude oil in metal barrels with controlled heat from fire woods. This is a dangerous process in refining crude oil but the degree of poverty in the state left his friends with no choice. If only the government of the Niger delta have created jobs with the wealth of the state Ikechukwu’s friend would not have to put their lives in danger. Until corruption is put to an abrupt the people of the Niger delta will continue to live in poverty.

If properly managed, exploitation of these resources can yield huge revenue streams that would alleviate poverty and encourage growth. Weak or bad governance however, would escalate crime, corruption, increase poverty and ultimately erode human rights. This however, is no excuse for oil and gas companies operating in such an environment to shirk their responsibility in respecting human rights. This then makes it all the more challenging. Managers therefore, should be conversant with the elements within their environment that wield power, and can impose their desires on the organization. Power and urgency should as a matter of high importance, be dealt with for managers to deliver the legal and moral interests of all legitimate stakeholders (Mitchel, et al., 1997).

Historically, the Nigerian oil and gas sector like that of many other developing countries, has been dominated by the powerful IOCs resulting into a massive outflow of resources for the payment of training and procurement