Essay on Current Status Of Malaria Vaccinology

The Masters course in Vaccinology is the exceptionally unique and authentic of its own kind, pursuing which would most definitely hone my skills as a rounded physician and tend to shape me into an expert in a field to be fortunate of discovering life-saving vaccines, multi-facets of their adequate formulation, proper implementation, transportation, storage-methods and safe-disposal techniques.

In the early 1940’s, a new technology emerged that was able to successfully combat crop-damaging and disease-carrying insects. A new age of synthetic chemical pesticides use arose. After their impressive success in fighting deadly insect-borne diseases during World War II, pesticides were used widely to combat insect pests for agriculture and public health. Few people challenged the benefits of the new scientific and technological products and many embraced pesticide use with enthusiasm. Despite its success, doubts about pesticide use began to appear a decade later in the 1950’s, when the government began a vigorous pesticide campaign across the country against insect pests. Scientists began reporting heavy losses of avian and

Aim - To explore the impacts Malaria has on citizens of developing countries which are effect by the disease.

Genetically modified crops are being developed to produce their own pesticide. This will bring the rapid appearance of resistant insects. Even worse, these pesticide producing plants have killed some beneficial insects and pests that many farmers use in their crops. For example, inserting a gene from a snowdrop, a perennial herb found in Europe and Asia into a potato, made the potato resistant to the green fly, but killed lady bugs that feed on green flies.

So then when they do get malaria they also don’t have the money for proper treatment. Then there is also the problem of no one wanting to donate to help find a cure to the disease.

The speed of vaccinations has grown exponentially from the early 20th century till now. A vaccination is an injection of a passive pathogen to make our body’s immune system create antibodies for prevention of the many diseases there are in the world. Since the early 20th century the vaccines have created a decrease in the mortality rates and an increase of life expectancy. Although vaccines are looked at in a positive way, new super bugs have dampen the effect a vaccine can do on the human body, making a uprising of new creations of vaccines. This paper will review the past and creations of common vaccines, the growth of vaccines, and our worries and hopes we have for the future of vaccinations.

2001; Riva & Gaggioli, 2009). Referring back to Tsirlin and colleagues (Tsirlin et al., 2009), the

In today’s day and age, many health concerns that were not common years back, are increasingly rising. It is known that 20 million people are diagnosed with measles a year. But what if we could mostly prevent measles? We can, it’s called vaccinations. Doctors today offer vaccinations to their patients, to prevent diseases like measles. But why do so many people refuse them? The answer isn’t totally clear, however if children did get those vaccinations, they would be so much safer. The government should require all children to be vaccinated because kids do not get to live their normal lives with a disease, there are too many risks without it, and the disease could be contagious to other students.

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite. Widespread regional and international efforts to address Malaria began in the 1940s and 1950s, and strategies have evolved over time. From the early 1950s until 1978, Malaria was eliminated in parts of North America and Europe. A pandemic that was once common is now, for all purposes, non-existent in those same regions due to implementation of effective health care systems and strong economics. However, Malaria is still prevalent in resource poor countries, causing significant morbidity and mortality ("The Global Malaria Epidemic"). In 2010 an estimated 219 million cases of malaria occurred worldwide and 660,000 people died. Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a developing country in the South Pacific with approximately seven million people in the South Pacific. It

Plasmodium is a parasite with over 100 species, but only four directly affect humans(“Malaria Parasites”). This parasite affects the circulatory system, or cardiovascular system. It’s structured of many things, and some structures are in common with animals or human cells. Even though it’s microscopic in size, it can cause a lot of damage. The parasite gets into the body from mosquitoes and infects the bloodstream of the circulatory system.

Chown, Marcus. “Go Figure.” New Scientist, vol. 176, no. 2374/2375, 21 Dec. 2002, p. 54.

DDT, one of the first insecticides, showed resistance to a species of insects starting as early as 1946, and this resistance has continued to progress and become documented showing that insects can become resistant to any insecticide. (“Insecticide Resistance,” 1958). Insecticide resistance has been shown in four major ways: behavioral resistance, penetration resistance, knock-down resistance (kdr), and metabolic resistance (Bartels et al., 2001). All of these types of resistance are allowing insects to avoid the effects of the insecticide either by physically avoiding through their behavior, or in the case of knock-down resistance, a phenotype trait is inherited giving the insect nerve insensitivity of the major insecticides – DDT, pyrethrins, and pyrethroids – through a point mutation (Gellatly et al.,

Last year, from April 2015 to April 2016, 44% of bees and other helpful insects died. These insects have died due to people spraying pesticides and neonicotinoids on crops and buildings. We, Putnam County, as a farming community, are not different from any other places in the entire world, in the term of using pesticides. But, we can fix this problem by introducing insects that kill the insects that attack crops. This can stop farmers from attacking the insects we appreciate and benefit, such as bees.

When children are born and for the first two years of their lives, they receive multiple shots and drops of vaccines. These vaccines protect them from getting diseases that were deadly and common in children many decades ago. Vaccine is one of the greatest achievement in medicine history. There were thousands of lives lost in the battle with some of the terrifying diseases like smallpox and polio. Now, after years of vaccine invention, vaccination spread in many countries which helped in eradicate several illnesses. In the United States, each family is required to show their children's immunization chart in order to get accepted in many educational institutes. Parents usually face the decision whether to vaccinate

10.Cf. Megan R. Gunnar,W.Andrew Collins (1988) :p.94. 11.Cf. Patricia Noller,Victor J. Callan (1991) :p. 49 12. Cf. Clarence J. Mann,Klaus Götz (2006) :p.110 13 Raymond Montemayor (1983):quoted according to Morton, Alexander, & Altman (1976) :p.84 14 Cf. Daniel J. Canary,William R. Cupach,Susan J. Messman (1995) quoted according to Smetana