Cuzco Valley Chile

The Andes consists of the Andes mountain range and the surrounding areas. Each of these regions experienced booms and lulls in the constantly changing silver economy, while simultaneously changing the dynamic of local societies. Despite the differences in the changes that occurred in each region, all three societies were significantly shaped during the 16th and 17th centuries. These changes were also accompanied by continuities of indigenous culture and government adapted to benefit the Spanish colonial rule. Indigenous ways of life would not dissipate easily, much to the apprehension of the rulers of Spanish America. By analyzing the changes and continuities of each region of Spanish America, while also utilizing the effects of ethnic identities, it becomes apparent the drastic changes that the global silver economy had on the societies and culture of not only indigenous people but also Spanish colonist and their black

Characterized by their early adoption of bronze, the Argaric culture quickly gained dominance over other societies. However, El Argar reached its peaked after a severe drought. According to data from ‘Eco-ruin ‘felled early society’, the early civilization was drained of its natural resources causing their own downfall. These findings were based off of pollen preserved in compost deposits located in the mountains of eastern Andalucía, Spain. In addition, researchers drilled a sediment core from the Canada del Gitano basin in the Andalucía Sierra de Baza region. With information from the abundance of pollen types and from the sediment core, scientists were able to create the same vegetation that covered the area in past times. With their given findings, researchers were able to gather a pollen sequence that was able to tell them how human settlement and climate affected the ecosystems. Keeping this in mind, archaeologists are convinced that shortly before the collapse of the Argaric culture, something happened to the ecological structure of the area.

lands and sometimes on building projects or in mining.” (World of the Inca). Thus the Inca expected

Chaco Canyon, located in what is New Mexico today, closer to Arizona, is one of the archeological sites with many hypothesis and conclusions full of contradiction because of its complexity of what was happening there during Chaco’s economical peak. It is one of the prehistorical places that hold the history of the humans and how complex the organization between social, religious and economical was. The remains of the amazing tall and complex buildings surrounded with roads helped the archeologists to hypothesize the use of those buildings and those roads that surrounded them.

Virtually every aspect of life was affected by the Andes Mountain Range. The steep slopes, climate and altitude, forced the development of resilient breeds of crops such as potatoes, quinoa and corn. (Graber, 2011). The mountains were worshipped as gods and stone from the mountains were carved with great precision to create large cites and temples right into the sides of the mountains. For all of the reasons, The Andes Mountains are certainly one of the greatest contributors to the development of the ancient people of South American.

The most significant physical geographical factor that contributed to the development of the ancient South American society of the Incas was the Andes Mountains. The Inca Empire had villages and cities throughout the Andes Mountains. Some of these settlements were as low as sea level and their capital, Cusco, was at an altitude of 11,200 feet. The Andes are considered some of the longest and highest mountain ranges. In fact it’s tallest peak, Mount Aconcaqua, in Argentina, tops out at 22,841 feet (Zimmermann, 2013). Despite the fact that people were traversing mountains the people flourished creating trails, aqueducts and agricultural practices that still exist today.

Chile stretches along 2,672 miles with an average width of 112 miles. More than one out of every three Chileans live in Santiago metropolitan region which is the capital of Chile. Two Chilean poets have won the Nobel Prize in literature. Chile’s population sits around 17,363,894 ranking Chile 63, they have a human development index of 41 of 187 countries. GDP per capita is $19,100 with an adult literacy at 99% for both males and females. The general attitudes are friendly and warm, but they might be shy and reserved when first meeting someone, they are also known for their sharp, witty and somewhat cynical sense of humor. Chileans are extremely patriotic and take pride in their nation’s cultural, educational, and economic achievements. Chile has a large middle class, and their educational system enables many poorer people to excel. When it comes to Chilean appearance they closely follow European styles, North American fashions are also popular especially among the youth. Greetings in Chile are important because they stress that one is welcome and recognized. The most common greeting among friends and relatives is the abrazo, consisting of a handshake and a hug. Chileans eat their main meal in the middle of the day and a lighter meal between 8 and 10pm, they typically have a tea time around 5 or 6pm where beverages, small sandwiches, and cookies or cake are served. In restaurants a server can be summoned with a raised finger; meal checks are not brought to the table until

Later when the city expanded, more trade popped up. Within the city and outwards. There were traces of a drug that the Olmec used for Shamanism. Shamanism is when a person, a priest for the Olmec, would go into an “altered state of consciousness to see and talk with spirits and “channel their energies. Basically, the drug made them see things. That could mean a few things. In the article mentioned in the above paragraph, they have inferred that this society traveled up higher to live and became what people thought was the Olmec, that some of the civilization broke off to create the Olmec and the rest of the civilization eventually moved South, that being the reason that the civilization disappeared, or, Norte Chico could have merely traded with the Olmec.

1. Before Francisco Pizarro began the Spanish conquest in 1532, the Incan empire dominated the Andes Mountain region. An emperor who demanded strict obedience ruled the land. All business was run by the state, which could draft citizens for its projects. The Inca, terracing the landscape and irrigating the crops, farmed the mountainsides. The Inca were brilliant engineers, whose roadways included bridges. The city of Machu Picchu is an example of their skill with tools like the plumb bob and wooden roller, which they used for in heavy construction. Hundreds of years after their civilization was subdued by the Spanish, the descendants of the once-dominate Incas make up about 50 percent of Peru’s population.

Malpass, Michael A. Daily Life in the Inca Empire. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996. Questia School. Web. https://www.questiaschool.com/read/99614614/daily-life-in-the-inca-empire

The research done by Daniel F. Belknap and Daniel H. Sandweiss reveals the overwhelming effect both the pre-Columbian natives and the Spanish had on the land. The pre-Columbian natives living in the northern Peruvian coast had accidentally created an “armour” for their ridges. They would discard their mollusk shells which “protected the ridges from erosion for nearly 4700 years and produced a vast corrugated landscape that ‘is visible from space,’ says archaeologist Dan Sandweiss of the University of Maine, Orono, one of the paper’s authors. ’’ This coincidental protection of the landscape, however, came to a quick end with the arrival of the conquistadors.

In Mesoamerica and South America two very unique and mysterious settlements exist today. In the 15th century during the “Late Horizon” (Kleiner, p.1089) the Inca or Inka created an empire. In the following 16th century the Aztec people established their own empire. Thousands of miles apart, these two cultures share some striking similarities and differences. The religious beliefs of both cultures would be the foundation for every facet of life, including the massive architectural settlements they left behind.

In the Early Post-Classic Period archaeologists can see where alliances and trade patterns existed with the two styles of Mazapan/Totlan, and Black-on-Orange Aztec I ceramics. The Mazapan/Totlan style is found in the Eastern and Northern Basin while the Black-on-Orange Aztec I ceramics are found in the southern Chalco-Xochimilco area, in the north-central Basin, and farther east (Nichols). The distribution of these styles and the fact that they generally are not found in the same areas suggests that they were exchanged in relation to ethnic and/or political ties. In the Middle Post-Classic Period ceramic exports from both the Texcoco, and Tenochtitlan regions increased. During this time Black-on-Orange Aztec II ceramics were produced in both the Texcoco and the Tenochtitlan regions. Black-on-Orange Aztec II ceramics from the Texcoco region are found at Cerro Portezuelo, while Black-on-Orange Aztec II ceramics from the Tenochtitlan region are found in Chalco and Xaltoca (Nichols). Both of these examples support historical data that both the Texcoco and the Tenochtitlan regions were spreading their political affiliations during that period of

Through ice-free corridors and water logged routes, Paleoindians travelled from Alaska to Siberia to enter the New World. Over their travels, they discovered new tools, hunting methods and traveling/living techniques. Paleoindians in both North and Central America typically lived in bands of up to 50 people. They were makers of fire and creators of diverse stone tool technology. They had the same physical features in both areas, including hair colour and texture, skin tone, blood types and dentition marks. (Rivals & Semprebon, 2012, pg. 1608). These similarities are immediately noticeable when analysing an archaeological site, but others such as the original Paleoindian stone toolkit being present in each region, similar hunting methods and travel techniques become evident throughout the scrutiny of North and Central American sites.

The ancient world of Mesoamerica entered a long period of change that soon led to the development a mammoth city that would serve as a regional center for more than 600 years. Beginning in about 1000 B.C. the majority of the people in the Valley of Mexico relocated to one of two primary sites, that of Cuicuilco in the southwest corner and Teotihuacan in the northeast. By about 300 B.C., Cuicuilco dominated the region, but its heyday would soon diminish. (Sabloff 2000, p 60)