Cyber Crime

• Harassment: behaviour deemed offensive by the recipient. Employees can claim they find something offensive even when it's not directed at them.

Trolling is the new title that has been given to harassment that takes place on the Internet. A common example of trolling would be sending provocative messages via a communications platform for the pure entertainment of the sender, which then has a harmful effect on the recipient. There are different types of trolling; messages sent to harm others for the sender’s gratification are called ‘flame trolls’, and those to entertain others for their gratification have been given the title ‘kudos trolls’ (Bishop 2012a, 2012b). Where these actions have the resource to legal remedies they are called ‘electronic message faults’ and where the message fails to constitute an offence ‘electronic message freedoms’, and there is quite rightly nothing to

Today people of authority are experiencing a new wave of crime, transforming how criminals are using technology to invent new crimes and rewriting the traditional methods of how crimes were once committed (PERF, 2018). Due to many advances in technology it’s becoming easier for criminals to gain information on how to commit numerous illegal acts whilst remaining anonymous, this is making it harder for people in a position of authority to find the culprit as there is only little evidence (PERF, 2018). To prove that cyber crime is becoming more popular as there were almost three hundred thousand reports of people being victimised on the internet during 2016 (PERF, 2018), This shows that crime is becoming more based on online acts and it is seen as a fast and convenient way to harm and abuse the justice system as it is extremely easy to access without the added risk of risking their identity, The rise of internet based crimes is obvious in every day use as mostly everyone has a computer or a device that is connected to the internet although due to the existing systems of measuring crimes were created for felonies committed in a psychical form not over the internet as it is becoming harder for police and other authoritarians to create any new developments regarding minimising the new crime

Times have changed what was known as organized crime has been replaced by Cybercrimes (Heists: Cybercrimes with Ben Hammersley). Cybercrimes have risen dramatically in recent years and have become a major issue the United States and company’s face today jeopardizing as well as threatening the critical infrastructure of America (Cyberwar Threat, 2005). Sadly, the status quo of cyber security is very unstable with the advancements and growth which has put most individuals and businesses into an enormous threat (Agustina, 2015).

At the beginning of the second millennium, an era of information society, based on the increasing use of computers, computer technology, information technology, making available "everything to everyone, everywhere and always" very urgent problem of improving the legislation in the fight against various kinds of offenses in this area, and first of all crimes. Currently, computer crime, has acquired an international dimension, is already receiving an adequate assessment of the international community, in particular, is reflected in a special Convention on Cybercrime, signed in 2001 in Budapest, representatives of 30 countries, members of the Council of Europe. The scale of a virtual crime using the internet in the US can be seen from the following

With the advances in technology society now mainly uses cellphones and the internet as means of communication; traffickers see this as an opportunity, by using technology as a tool to reach victims from all around the world, as well as buyers. However, as traffickers are adapting to the online market for trafficking, technology is also creating ways in which we can identify traffickers and victims.

Another type of cyber or text bullying is called harassment, which is when a person sends one or many

There are many countries where terrorist activities are simply a part of life and where criminal activities are commonplace. Even in well-developed countries there can be problems. One of the most insidious of these activities, however, is cybercrime. It may seem less dangerous because it is not physically damaging to the person who is being targeted, but gaining access toa person's private information can cause serious damage to that person's good name and reputation, along with his or her credit, ability to obtain employment, and other parts of life. Something has to be done, but by the time issues are corrected there are new issues appearing. It can feel like a losing battle. Because of constant technological change, new challenges are arising regarding information access and privacy.

Cyber crime spans not only state and national boundaries, but the international boundaries as well. At the Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders, in a workshop devoted to the issues of crimes related to computer networks, cybercrime was broken into two categories and defined thus:

Internet fraud is an increasing threat to our technological society, which thrives on the advances and benefits of the Internet and e-commerce. With the increased growth and dependence of the Internet, creative individuals have found ways of conveying fraudulent schemes as legitimate goods and services. Not only does Internet fraud cause harm to individuals and institutions, but it also damages the consumer confidence of valid Internet businesses and e-commerce. There are many forms of Internet fraud which Internet patrons need

The agencies employed by governments to police the web in order to protect the vulnerable have seen an increase in child pornography and online fraud. The speed at which information can be distributed and the number of people that can be reached attracts those that are intent on causing harm. The term “cybercrime” is becoming more widely used. The financial gains that can be made and the anonymity the internet can provide, make the virtual world of cyberspace a haven for criminals. Although the internet has huge benefits for information gathering and social networking, in the wrong hands it can cause harm to the vulnerable and criminals are able to vanish into the underground with the use of false identities that are hard to track online.

Spam is unsolicited e-mail that contains either advertizing or offensive content. Spam not only reduces the efficiency benefits of email but also is a source of many viruses, worms, spyware programs, and other types of malware. To deal with this problem, the US Congress passed the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing (CAN-SPAM) Act in 2003. According to Federal Trade Commission (FTC), each separate email in violation of the CAN-SPAM Act is subject to penalties of up to $16,000.

Harassment is generally defined as unwelcome verbal or non-verbal conduct, based upon a person’s protected characteristic, that denigrates or shows hostility or aversion toward the person because of the characteristic, and which affects the person’s employment opportunities or benefits, has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with the person’s work performance, or has the purpose or effect of creating an intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment. Harassing conduct includes, but is not limited to: epithets; slurs or negative stereotyping; threatening, intimidating or hostile acts; denigrating jokes and display or circulation in the workplace of written or graphic material that denigrates or shows hostility or aversion toward an individual or group based on their protected characteristic.

Sexual harassment online is when a person sends unwanted inappropriate image, message or email. It is when a person feels uncomfortable or feel like that they may be in danger because of what is sent to them. “  A common form of sexual harassment on the internet occurs when a harasser sends unwanted abusive, threatening or obscene messages to a victim via-email or instant message. “ ( Sexual Harassment n.d 2017 ).  People are constantly receiving emails and or messages that follow them wherever they go because in today's society most people are using phones and or sites for everything. The most common form of sexual

Cybercrime has become a fast growing concern for the 21st century as businesses, institutions and individuals grow into an interconnected web of computer networks. Online business transactions, along with the sharing of personal information, are vulnerable to a host of disasters that can reap economic and social havoc. Some sources say that today, cybercrime costs more than $1.0 trillion to society--Global Industry Analysts, Inc. forecasted the world cyber security market to reach $80 billion by 2017 (Gale, 2011).