Cyber Security And Espionage Act (CFAA)

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) was originally enacted to protect entities from abuse of surveillance for national security reasons. FISA contains policies associated with the process of gathering foreign intelligence by the intelligence community for national security reasons (Addicott & McCaul, 2008, p. 46-47). FISA also consisted of a secret court, known as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), which had eleven unnamed federal judges who issued warrants regarding surveillance or searches for the intelligence community, and a court review board, which consisted of three federal judges who reviewed the actions of the secret court. After the passing of the Patriot Act by the Bush Administration, the NSA was essentially given full authority to collect information on citizens without a warrant, thereby circumventing the FISC, and Bush fully defended the NSA, stating “‘The activities I have authorized make it more likely that killers like these 9/11 hijackers will be identified and located in time.’” (Schwartz 2009

Although it has been argued that the Patriot Act in and of itself infringes on upon the right bestowed upon citizens of the United States, the aim of this paper is describe in depth The Patriot Act Title VII Section 814 and 816. These sections of the Patriot Act protects the citizens of The United States from the world’s newest form of terror; Cyber-Terrorism. The aim is to explain this law, its adequacies, and inadequacies in detail and to offer suggestions and solutions for its shortcomings.

With the Age of technology advancing, the more cyber-attacks are occurring. Many of our information are on computer networks and we like to think that our information is well protect. But how protected is our information? Cybersecurity bills are introduced in Congress almost every year. These bills regularly imply to permit organizations and the government to divulge dangerous information for a “cybersecurity” reason to secure and safeguard against attacks against networks and computer systems.

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) is an Act of Congress passed in 1978 and signed by the then President Jimmy Carter. The Act stipulates the procedures to be followed when obtaining intelligence from foreign powers and agents of foreign powers both physically and electronically. The Act has been amended severally. In 2001, it was amended to involve groups and terrorist organizations not supported by foreign governments in an Act called the USA PATRIOT Act. A further amendment was done in 2007 to overhaul most of the provisions, in the Act called Protect America Act. A final amendment was done in 2008 called the FISA Amendments Act of 2008

Congress passed the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance of Act of 1978 (FISA), with aims of curving the foreign intelligence abuses that occurred under the Nixon and Johnson administrations. This also established the Foreign Intelligence Court (FISC) to review applications for surveillance, search orders, and the like. In 2001, after the September 11th attacks, Congress amended FISA in what is now called the Patriot Act.

This act makes a significant amount of amendments to the FISA act one of which is Title II which is titled “Enhanced Surveillance Procedures.” While the FISA act targeted only non-US citizens for “foreign intelligence information”, this act allows the collection of foreign intelligence information from US citizens as well. One section which raises a brow is section 215 of the Patriot Act which grants the FBI permission to ask the FISA court to “compel the sharing of books, business documents, tax records, library check-out-lists,” and pretty much any tangible thing, “as part of a foreign intelligence or international terrorism investigation.” Upon further reading of this section it becomes evident fairly quickly that these “required” materials can include purely domestic records. Of course, if one has nothing to hide then one need to fear this act since it is geared towards non-US and US citizens suspected of being affiliated with a foreign power; but later acts seem to notion that perhaps the United States government is not only concerned with terrorist groups but rather all information of its citizens and residents which can build patterned profiles.

What would happen if we did not have the Cybersecurity Act? If we did not have cybersecurity protection then hackers would easily be able to get important information that we need to protect ourselves, and the country, if there were to be very important information leaked to either cyber-criminals, terrorists or hackers then multiple people or America itself may be in trouble. Many businesses, trade groups, government officials, and civil liberty groups will be protected by the Cybersecurity Act, also it gives people, the government, and money more privacy then they have already. The overall goal of CISA (Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act) is to improve information sharing in the hopes of preventing cyber-attacks

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) is a law granted by the United States which defined procedures for the physical and electronic surveillance that was deemed in the best interest of national security. This gave congress the ability to oversee foreign intelligence surveillance while maintaining secrecy in conducting surveillance of national security threats. The Patriot Act enhanced the FISA capability to conduct wiretap surveillance without warrants. According to Matthew A. Anzaldi and Jonathan W. Gannon (2010), FISA "provides the legal framework through which the Intelligence Community lawfully collects intonation about those who pose national security threats to our country” (p.1690). The right of privacy that’s protected

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 1978 was a result of “congressional investigations into Federal surveillance activities conducted in the name of national security” (Intelligence Surveillance Act, n.d.). FISA allows for judicial and congressional supervision of foreign surveillance, while maintaining the “secrecy necessary to effectively monitor national security threats”, and outlines the procedures for the physical and electronic surveillance and collection of foreign intelligence information (Intelligence Surveillance Act, n.d.).

With the ever-increasing rise in technological dependency for many military units, it is my strong belief that ADF members and contracting personnel, with their inadvertent tendencies to release information, is the greatest cyber threat to the ADF. Safety and battle worthiness of ADF units are key to insuring mission success (Gilson, 2007) and through various avenues of information gathering, other nations or parties have the ability to undermine the security of ADF units and operations (Wroe, 2016). This potential stems from ADF members having a great capacity to unwittingly leak information, due to higher stimulus of social media, nescience of information gathering procedures, as well as increasingly popular concepts such as Open Source Intelligence

The Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act was introduced shortly after SOPA. CISPA was promised to be a more refined version of SOPA that would be more effective. CISPA is designed “with the intention of allowing more sharing of cyber security threat information between the private sector and the government” (Greenberg, 36). This bill is currently very lax on certain aspects of internet privacy. The bill was written so that companies would be required to share certain personal information with government agencies without limits or proper security measures in place. “… the bill 's vague language would allow too much of users ' private information to be leaked to the government and that it doesn 't go far enough to offer real defenses against digital attacks” (Greenberg, 68). CISPA has passed the House “by a comfortable margin of 248 to 168” (McCullagh,1). Many American’s are opposed to CISPA. This is because of the hidden, loose terms that would allow their personal information to be freely shared with the FBI, Department of Homeland Security, and other government

With the widespread use of technology becoming more prominent, acts of cyber terrorism pose an increased threat to safety. Cyber terrorists exploit the internet and its users to commit acts that can be increasingly detrimental to their targets. Some of the terrorist activities include large scale corruption of computer networks by using tools like computer viruses. Certain individuals even have the ability of creating severe damage to government systems, national security systems and even hospital servers. Most of the technology made today only has intentions of making life easier for people. However, skilled users can manipulate the cyber world for negative intentions. Staying informed when it comes to cyber terrorism and cybercrime is important to do because of the increased reliance on technology in society. Steps to improve cyber security before an attack ensures the safety of sensitive information. The topic of cyber security and cyber warfare are interesting topics to keep up to date with. Understanding these topics can be beneficial to my dream of being in the FBI, ensuring the safety of others by working to prevent acts of cyberterrorism.

The research paper will take an in-depth view of the current cyber threat and will explore the current efforts taken by the United States in combating the rapidly growing cyber threat. The research conducted will revolve around recent piece of legislation that are said to be the answer to combating cyber-crime. This paper will also look at past efforts and explore their failure and compare with the new piece of legislation to see if it will actually be effective. There are many cyber security techniques which have been implemented in the attempt to thwart the threat and have failed, what makes this approach different.

Our everyday lives are consumed with things on the internet or with the internet. We rely heavily on the internet to the point where we are fundamentally depend on the internet. With that being said this brings a lot of cybersecurity issues. Cybersecurity issues will challenge any and everyone. Cybersecurity will affect business, governments and also the individual. Business firms and governments will face threats that a few years ago were only thought of as science fiction. To battle against these threats cybersecurity was formed and with the formation of cybersecurity, it has become an industry.

The branches of the military, for a couple generations, have always been the Army, Navy, Air force, Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard; however, in an ever evolving digital world, the notion that outer space would be the next military front is being rapidly replaced by the idea that cyber space will be the next arms race. The United States has been defending attacks on their infrastructure day after day, night after night, when one hacker on one side of the world sleeps, another takes their place to attempt to compromise the US government. The motives may range from a political ‘hacktivist’ trying to prove a point, to an economic spy, trying to gain a competitive edge on its more upstart rivals, to an attempt to control the United States