Cycle Of Infection

I began the research because I had been interesting in studying malaria, how it is transmitted and since moving to the United States I have reviewed the literature on Malaria impact in Nigeria and other African nations. I also remember malaria being prevalent while I was growing up in Nigeria, but I didn’t view it as a problem then and my community did not push malaria awareness.

P. falciparum is the most prevalent malaria parasite on the African continent. It is responsible for most malaria-related deaths globally.P. vivax has a wider distribution than P. falciparum, and predominates in many countries outside of Africa.

The main cause of Malaria is Plasmodium falciparum or plasmodium vivax, which is carry by the female Anopheles mosquito. As the female Anopheles mosquito bits on the human to take blood meal, the Plasmodium falciparum gets injected to the blood stream via mosquito’s saliva and travels through blood stream and eventually gets to the liver. In liver the Plasmodium falciparum being to multiply asexually. Next they start rupturing liver cells and release back to the blood stream. In the blood the parasite being to invade and multiply again inside the red blood cells. This time they start to reproduce sexually within the blood stream. This occurs until the red blood cells burst and releasing the parasite once again into the blood stream. Bursting of the red blood cells lead to acute anemia. This cycle happens over and over again and each time cause Chile, fever sweating. Rupturing the red blood cells and high temperature fever will eventually lead to death. Next the uninfected female Anopheles mosquito bites on the infected human and by sucking its

Each one has a distinctive appearance under the microscope, and each one produces a somewhat different pattern of symptoms. Two or more species can live in the same area and infect a single person at the same time. Young children, pregnant women and non-immune travellers from malaria-free areas are particularly vulnerable to the disease when they become infected. The four Plasmodium species are:

There are a great number of diseases that are endemic in many of the poorer, developing nations due to the lack of sanitation and disease prevention programs in these areas. The steady increase of malaria epidemics in many of the African countries is a point of great concern, because this continent is home to 90% of the world’s total cases of this particular disease.

Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodium according to researches done by Center for Disease and Control. It is transmitted by mosquito bites and it is of major public health challenge in developing countries. It disproportionately affects poor people. Majority of malaria cases occur in the poorest countries of the world. (1). The journal, “The Great Killers; Malaria” compared malaria to tuberculosis, describing it as “Captain of the men of death” in Africa where it kills over a million people yearly (1). Worldwide malaria affects 200-300 million people, causing chronic debility in many (Charles Louis

Most of us have heard of the disease Malaria and are familiar with the fact that it is transmitted by mosquitos. We also all know that it occurs mainly in third-world, poverty-stricken areas, such as Africa and South America. However, there is a great deal of microbiology behind these deadly, microscopic diseases that makes them particularly fascinating and opens the reader’s eyes and to just how complex these organisms can be, as well as the havoc they can wreak on one’s internal body systems. Malaria infects an estimated 219 million people a year, while it claims about 660,000

Malaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite. Infected mosquitoes spread it. Malaria is very common throughout the world. In the United States, the main risk is to persons traveling to tropical and subtropical countries where malaria is a problem. There are four different types of malaria caused by four related parasites. The most deadly type occurs in Africa south of the Sahara Desert. The symptoms characteristic of malaria include fever, chills, muscle aches, and headache. Cycles of chills, fever, and sweating that recur every 1, 2 or 3 days are typical. There can sometimes be vomiting, diarrhoea, coughing and yellowing (jaundice) of the skin and whites of the eyes. The treatment for malaria depends upon the geographic area where a person has been infected with the disease. Different areas of the world have malaria types that are resistant to certain medications.

Despite the information that has been presented, data shows that malaria infection and mortality rates have been decreasing worldwide for several years. The number of patient deaths due to malaria has decreased by 47% in the last ten years. Since 2000, infection prevalence in children 2-10 years old dropped from 26% to 14% and total prevalence fell from 173 million to 128 million worldwide (WHO, 2014). A goal the Gates Foundation has had since 2007 is the eradication of malaria and the decreasing mortality rates has been partly due to their support of research for and prevention of malaria (Gates, 2014).

Half of the world’s population lives in areas that are at risk of this this disease. In 1880 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran was the first to discover that parasites were found in the blood .It has influeced a lot of the human population as well as human history.In 2013 about 123 million people were diagnosed with malaria killing approximetly 660,000 people of all diferent ages and sizes (cdc, 2013). “Between 2000 and 2015, malaria incidence among populations at risk (the rate of new cases) fell by 37% globally. In that same period, malaria death rates among populations at risk fell by 60% globally among all age groups, and by 65% among children under 5.” (who, 2016). “Sub-Saharan Africa carries a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. In 2015, the region was home to 88% of malaria cases and 90% of malaria deaths.” (who, 2016).

Malaria affects hundreds of millions of people per year, and in 2013, caused an estimated 584,000 deaths, the highest burden of which occurred in Africa (World Health Organization, 2014a). It is a vector borne illness that is transmitted to humans by being bitten by malaria carrying female anopheles mosquito (World Health Organization, 2014b). Of the approximately half of one million people who die each year of malaria, 78 % of these are children under the age of five, placing them as one of the highest risk groups for malaria (World Health Organization, 2014a). It is essential that the recognition and treatment of a child with malaria happen quickly and efficiently because children have a high risk of rapid disease progression, which if

The economic and non- economic effects of malaria is so dire that the international community cannot ignore it anymore. There is the need for adequate research and funding into the study and proper understanding of the disease so that the proper steps can be taken to completely

The successful treatment of malaria infections solely dependent upon the use of the most effective anti-malaria drugs to eradicated the parasite from the individual 's blood. The treatments differ for complicated and uncomplicated infections. The greatest obstacle healthcare workers face is the increased resistance of the Plasmodium parasite to drug therapy. The Plasmodium falciform species has become increasingly resistant in the regions affect by the strain (1).

About 3.3 billion people, that is about half of the world’s population are at risk of contracting malaria (figure 1). Every year there are 250 million cases of malaria, and nearly 1 million deaths. That amounts to 2,732 deaths per day. Out of those million people that die every year, 800,000 of them are African children under the age of 5. To control malaria three actions need to be taken: insecticides need to be used to decrease the vector population, people have to be educated as to how to prevent the vector from reproducing, and anti-malarial drugs need to be distributed. To understand the vector and what the vector is, scientists had to first discover what the parasite was and how it worked. It was not until the year 1880 that French Physician Charles Laveran discovered that Malaria was caused by a protozoan in the genus Plasmodium (Malaria, 2013)

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium, a parasite which lives inside its victims and consequently, inside their nutrient supply. Human malaria is specifically carried and spread via the female mosquito of the genus Anopheles (Marcus & Babcock 2009). There are over 50 species of Plasmodium, only four of which are responsible for causing human malaria: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium vivax. P. falciparum is the most common species, held responsible for 75% of the cases followed by P. vivax causing 20%. P. falciparum accounts for the majority of deaths, however, recent evidence suggests P. vivax malaria to be associated with potentially life-threatening conditions similar to P. falciparum (Nadjm & Behrens 2012).