Cyclin D1 Case Study

One of them is Gleevec (Imatinib mesylate), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was called a “magical bullet”. This was the first targeted therapy drug used to treat cancer. It was invented in the late 1990’s, to treat “chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal growth”. Imatinib is tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Tyrosine kinase is a protein that cells use to signal to each other to grow (Iqbal and Iqbal, 2014, p.1). It works by preventing a tyrosine kinase enzyme and therefore inhibits growth factor-induced receptor phosphorylation and blocks the PDGF/PDGFR and P13-k/Akt pathway (Kheradmand, et.al.2016, p.83). According to Richardson (2010, p.679), the drug Velcade was also known as “Bortezomib” is useful in the treatment of multiple myelomas. The main goal of this drug is to lower the tumor growth significantly. The American cancer society (2013, para.20) studies show Bortezomib is a “proteasome inhibitor”. It works by blocking or slowing down the action of proteosome is to break down protein in both healthy and cancerous cells. When proteosome activity is blocked, proteins in the cells accumulate. This accumulation may cause cells to stop growing and multiplying, and cause them to die and Sutent (Sunitinib) is a drug used to treat metastatic renal cell carcinoma. It is currently approved as a second-line treatment of MRCC. Sunitinib inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and stops the growth of tumors (Kolesar, et.al. 2008, pp.123 131). It is considered as a multi- targeted kinase inhibitor because it is a type of VEGF inhibitor, an angiogenesis inhibitor, and it blocks an enzyme called tyrosine kinase. By doing all of this, it slows cancer growth and keeps tumors from making their own blood vessels to help them grow and spread (American

Glioblastoma (pronounced like gleO blastoma) is an incurable brain cancer,Survival rate is usually measured in months.This became a word that was instantly defined, researched, dissected, feared, and tried to comprehend and understand by family,friends and acquaintances of Larry McKee (McKee)who was personally affected from this single word, it was quickly added to their vocabulary, because of the of the events that transpired on October 22, 2011 that forever changed lives “Glioblastomas are tumors that arise from the astrocytes- the star-shaped cells that make up the “glue-like,” or supportive tissue of the brain. These tumors are usually highly malignant (cancerous) because the cells reproduce quickly and they are supported by a large network of blood vessels.”(A.B.T A..) He was diagnosed with stage four.

Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive form of malignant brain cancer in adults. On average, 8 of every 100,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with glioblastoma every year – representing approximately 2% of all cancers diagnosed [1]. Glioblastoma tumors form when astrocytes, star-shaped cells which support and protect the brain, re-enter the cell cycle and start to rapidly divide. Because the brain is supported by a large network of blood vessels, tumors grow quickly and are difficult to remove surgically. Present treatments for glioblastoma are limited to surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy; however, despite these interventions tumors are likely to regrow. Consequently, typical survival time following glioblastoma diagnosis is less than 2 years.

So, with this increase in toxicity over single agent inhibition of the PD-1 checkpoint, an increase in efficacy would be required to support development of the combination. At the doses of tremelimumab considered tolerable, among PD-L1 positive patients (based on staining in 25% of the cancer cells), the response rate does not appear superior to single agent PD-1 inhibition.2,4 However, among those without high level PD-L1 expression, 4 of 14 patients responded to the combination, while with approved agents, no more than 2 patients would anticipated to respond.2,4

Some of traditional drugs may be effective in patients whose cancers have a specific molecular target, and not for other patients. To solve this problem of patient-specificity, pharmaceutical research have seen the expansion of individually tailored cancer treatment, which is an application of targeted therapy, and this is where biopharmaceuticals are. As an increasing part of the population is diagnosed with cancer and as these patients live longer, increasing care will be given to patients who have received these drugs. Moreover, in the case of cancer therapy, those drugs and especially with mABs are a promise of less side effects : recombinant DNA technology makes it possible to genetically engineer an antibody to reduce the risk of host immune response.

Pazopanib is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor with multiple targets (8). These targets include VEGF receptors 1, 2, and 3, PDGFR-alpha and beta, and c-KIT. In one randomized controlled trial, Pazopanib demonstrated an increase of 5 months in progression-free survival(PFS) in patients who had undergone 1

In the past, most of the cancer drugs were developed to hinder the growth of tumors. The main strategy was so called “targeted therapies, which interfere with genetic signals that act like accelerators, causing tumors to grow.”1 However, because there are too many pathways and signals that can act as an accelerator of the cancer growth, a single drug was usually not enough to suppress the cancer.

Design: This was a Phase 1 trial to determine the MTD of ceritinib in adult patients with tumors harboring a genetic alteration in ALK. Secondary objectives were to characterize the safety and side-effect profile, pharmacokinetic profile, and antitumor activity of ceritinib.

Gliomas are broad category of brain tumors arising from glial cells. They are the most common primary malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system. They are classified into low-grade (WHO grades I and II) and high-grade (WHO grade III and IV) tumors. Almost 80% of gliomas are astrocytic tumors including Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Diagnosis of glioma includes a CT scan/MRI scan and biopsy. These tumors are highly resistant to current treatment modalities including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, corticosteroids, antiangiogenic therapy, and experimental approaches such as gene transfer, their prognosis is dismal.Malignant gliomas results from a multistep process which involves genetic alterations arised from innate and environmental

Cancer kills many people a year, but with a single prescription drug, it can stop it. This drug is call pembrolizumab and it was marketed by Merck as Keytruda. This prescription drug can help all kinds of cancers, not just one or two. Immunotherapy drug opens a new era of precision medicine for cancer, many people think of this as a cancer breakthrough. I believe this new drug will help patients who are diagnosed with cancer.

However, treatments aim to: relieve pain and symptoms, improve quality of life, and prolong survival. Treatment depends on the patient's medical and personal situations. It generally includes surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Surgery is typically the first stage of treatment for patients with glioblastomas. This may allow for the removal of the tumor tissue to relieve pressure in the brain. Radiation Therapy may be recommended after surgery for some glioblastomas. It may also be necessary to treat glioblastomas when surgery is deemed unsafe or is not recommended for another reason. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are typically the recommended course of treatment for nearly all glioblastomas. Several chemotherapy drugs taken orally are available to manage the symptoms of

Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors in in humans with annual global incidence for approximately 5 cases per 100000 persons. The incidence of gliomas has moderately increased over the past two decades, which is mainly attributed to improved diagnostic imaging technique. Each year, more than 13000 deaths and 14000 new cases occur in the United States. In Taiwan, the incidence of malignant gliomas also presents similar ratio with approximately 6 cases per 100000 persons. Among the patients, malignant gliomas are 40% more frequently diagnosed in men than in women. Malignant gliomas can be classified into several categories according to its tumor cell type, location, and grade. Among the different types of gliomas, glioblastoma

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women in the United States. Up to 6% of breast cancers are advanced or metastatic at the time of diagnosis, requiring chemotherapy1, 2. Aberrant, accelerated growth is a hallmark of cancer3, including breast cancer. The rapid expansion of treatments targeted to aberrant cell growth – for example, cell cycle targeted chemotherapies for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer – allows for precise targeting of specific alterations in tumor cell proliferation pathway with the goal of reducing tumor cellular proliferation and increase tumor cell death while minimizing toxicities associated with chemotherapy. The growing application of

Many trial investigations have served to understand the effectiveness of PD-1—PD-L1 inhibitors in conjunction with current standard therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical removal of tumors. In a study conducted by Guo. Et al., Trabectedin, a commonly used therapy used to treat ovarian cancer, and an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody were used to provide evidence that combined treatment therapies can have antitumor effects in mice with ovarian cancer(52). Mice underwent tumor transplantations and were treated with either a single (control) or combined Trabectidin and alpha-PD-1 mAb dose. Trabectedin was administered intravenously at a dose of 200 ug/kg body weight once per week for 3 weeks while alpha-PD-1 mAb was peritoneally

According to world health organization (WHO), malignant tumors figure among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide 1. For instance, One of the most challenging type of tumors that have extracted a lot of attention in the field of cancer study is glioma which represents 30% of all brain tumors and 80% of