Cystitis Model

The four specific databases that were used in this research are, Cinahl, Medline, Joanna Briggs and Cochrane Library. All of these databases were chosen because they provided up to date peer reviewed evidence that was relevant to the search terms. This ensures that the evidence that was found was relevant and reliable. The Cinahl website was useful to gather background information on the topic such as how a UTI is contracted and how it effects the body. The Cochrane Library and Medline website was useful to because it gave specific information on studies that had already been done by other researchers. This helped to ensure that the study that is being undertaken was searching for the right results.

Most urinary tract infections are primarily caused by bacteria that live in the bowel region of the body. The bacterium Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as “E. coli”, causes most UTIs. The urinary tract has several systems to prevent infection. The points where the ureters attach to the bladder act as only one way valves to prevent urine from moving back up toward the kidneys. Urination is intended to wash microbes and any infectious bacteria out of the body. In males, the prostate gland produces secretions that slow down bacterial growth in the urinary tract. In both woman and men, immune defenses try to prevent infections, but despite these safety procedures put in place by the body, infections still do occur in some individuals.

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a rare syndrome in the U.S. that primarily infects females but may also be observed in males on occasion. The syndrome is multifunctional and is symptomized by pelvic pain, urinary frequency, and urinary urgency. Also known as painful bladder syndrome, this condition can cause bladder ulcers and/or bleeding resulting in pain during sexual intercourse and hematuria. In December 2014, researchers from the Department of urology of the Beaumont Health System in Royal Oak, MI, the Department of Urology of the Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine in Rochester Hills, MI, and Lipella Pharmaceutical Inc. in Pittsburgh, PA published a manuscript sharing the results of an open-label

Coli bacteria. In adjustment for an infection to occur, the E. Coli bacilli has to attach itself to the beef lining the float or the urethra (the tube that carries the urine out of the body). The ache of E. Coli that has been the a lot of acknowledged at causing a urinary amplitude infection has developed a circuitous set of adhering molecules that act like tiny assimilation cups to attach themselves to the tissue of the urinary tract. Once those adhering molecules become absorbed to the tissue of the urinary tract, they anon alpha to reproduce. This causes affliction and the archetypal affection of an infection like burning, aching urination, and a faculty of coercion to urinate. If the infection spreads to the kidneys, it can could could cause added problems like lower aback pain, fever, and

Symptoms associated with a urinary tract infection include pain or stinging when you pass urine. A UTI can also cause lower abdominal pain or pressure. Also feeling the need to urinate more often, but not much comes out when you go. And when you do finally manage to go, the urine has a bad smell bad or looks milky, cloudy, or reddish in color. If there is blood in your urine, tell a doctor right

CAUTIs can result to patient’s complications such urethritis, urethral strictures, bloody urine, bladder obstruction and sepsis. In addition, the catheter drainage bag may be a reservoir of pathogens that can result to more critical HAIs (Apostolopoulou, 2015). Approximately 13,000 deaths are associated with UTIs every year. A total health care cost of approximately $0.4 – $0.5 billion is spent for CAUTI incidences and it’s complications in the United States annually. The length of hospital stay related to CAUTIs extends from two to four days (Gould, 2015).

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which may include storage symptoms (urinary urgency, nocturia), or voiding symptoms (urinary hesitancy, weak stream, straining, and prolonged voiding), can have a significant negative impact on quality of life.(1, 2) An estimated 45.2% of the worldwide population is affected by at least one urinary symptom. (3) Out of 19,165 individuals surveyed in a cross-sectional, population-based, multinational study conducted by Irwin and colleagues, 64.3% reported at least one urinary symptom, with nocturia being the most prevalent (men, 48.6%; women, 54.5%). (4) Similarly, in a national study conducted by Herschorn and colleagues in Canada on 1,000 respondents, approximately half of the individuals

Dynamic disease of the urinary tract creates in one of three ways: Microorganisms flowing in the circulation system from another site of contamination are kept and increase in the kidneys to deliver pyelonephritis by the hematogenous (beginning from the blood) route; Microscopic organisms colonizing the terminal third of the urethra or the outside urogenital surfaces rise the urethra to the bladder, causing cystitis (disease of the bladder only) or pyelonephritis by the ascending route; or Microorganisms, as a rule from the urethra, are brought into the bladder on catheters or cystoscopes (Morello, et al., 2013, p. 211).

18. When the infection is in the bladder you can experience pelvic pressure, lower abdomen discomfort, painful urination, and blood in the urine.

Ashok A, Walter R, Mutton NL, Alme A, Drake GC, DeMarzo A, Bieberich CJ. 2015. A Novel Mouse Model of Inducible Inflammation in the Prostate. Manuscript in preparation

A urinary tract infection is characterized by the inflammation of the epithelium that is usually caused by bacteria from gut flora. The urethra runs from the outside of the body to the inferior side of the bladder. In females, the urethra is extremely short, usually 3 to 4 cm in length. While on the other hand, the male urethra is longer, usually 18 to 20 cm in length. The male urethra is also composed of three segments, the prostatic, membranous, and cavernous urethra. Due to the short length of the female urethra, the bacteria has a shorter distance to travel to reach the bladder, giving it easier access. This reason alone is the main cause of the higher incidence of urinary tract infections in females. Due to the fact men’s urethras

Interstitial cystitis (IC), also called bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is a type of chronic condition caused by inflammation of the bladder wall. The clinical symptoms of IC are often involved with a constant condition of recurrent urinary frequency, nocturia, suprapubic and pelvic pain. Currently, there is no cure for interstitial cystitis and the etiology remains unknown, although some theories exist as to the underlying mechanisms of this syndrome, and it is for this reason, together with the urgent need to develop new therapeutic approaches, that animal models of interstitial cystitis are being studied.

BACKGROUND: Studies evaluating the role of Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) in acute urethritis are scarce; therefore more studies are needed to define its propensity for causing inflammation of the urethra.

Urosepsis is known to be caused by the invasion of the body’s defense mechanism due to an infection. This results in the infectious organisms’ infection and multiplying in the blood. It begins with an infection of the urinary tract or obstruction of the urine. A UTI is the inflammation of the urinary epithelium caused by stomach or intestinal microbia. Leading cause of sepsis is gram-positive bacterial sepsis, however other causes include gram-positive bacteria, and fungi. If a gram-positive bacteria is the cause of the infection it will release exotoxins such as peptidoglycans, lipoteichoic acids, superantigens within the body’s defense system. This in turn will trigger a release of proinflammatory cytokines which activate the complement system, coagulation system, kinin system, neutrophils, endothelial and monocyte-macrophage cell activity. These systems and cell activity release anti-inflammatory cytokines such as LPS binding protein, IL-1 or IL-10 receptor antagonist, nitric oxide and other anti-inflammatory cytokines. Anti-inflammatory cytokines cause endothelial cell dysfunction leading to cell adhesion, tissue hypoxia, apoptosis, impaired vascular tone, microvascular thrombus, capillary leak and free radical damage. The combination of these dysfunctions will result in multiple organ dysfunction. Multiple organ dysfunction is recognized by altered mental status, hypotension tachycardia, p/f ratio less than 300 tachypnea, urine secretion less than 0.5

homeostasis and cAMP are both dysregulated, this in turn leads to alterations in the pathways that carry out cell proliferation, allowing for cells to rapidly reproduce. In terms of fluid secretion, it increases causing inflammation within the kidneys. Apoptosis is downregulated, so the rapid proliferation of cystic cells have no way to be killed by apoptosis, therefore cysts are easily developed.