Cystitis Model

INTRODUCTION In the human body, there are systems that provide different functions and help the body to operate more efficiently. The urinary system is one in particular designed to help the body remain free of excess that we no longer need. “The urinary tract is the drainage system used for

The four specific databases that were used in this research are, Cinahl, Medline, Joanna Briggs and Cochrane Library. All of these databases were chosen because they provided up to date peer reviewed evidence that was relevant to the search terms. This ensures that the evidence that was found was relevant and reliable. The Cinahl website was useful to gather background information on the topic such as how a UTI is contracted and how it effects the body. The Cochrane Library and Medline website was useful to because it gave specific information on studies that had already been done by other researchers. This helped to ensure that the study that is being undertaken was searching for the right results.

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a rare syndrome in the U.S. that primarily infects females but may also be observed in males on occasion. The syndrome is multifunctional and is symptomized by pelvic pain, urinary frequency, and urinary urgency. Also known as painful bladder syndrome, this condition can cause

A urinary tract infection (UTI) can develop into a very uncomfortable and very bothersome condition. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and/or urethra. These organs play an important role in filtering blood and eliminating waste from the body. The kidneys are a pair of small bean shaped organs located on both sides of the spine at waist level. They have several important functions in the body, including removing waste and excess water from the blood and eliminating them as urine. The ureters are responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Lastly, the bladder. The bladder's walls relax and grow to store urine, and contract and compress to empty urine through the urethra. The urethra allows urine to pass outside the body.

1. Introduction Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which may include storage symptoms (urinary urgency, nocturia), or voiding symptoms (urinary hesitancy, weak stream, straining, and prolonged voiding), can have a significant negative impact on quality of life.(1, 2) An estimated 45.2% of the worldwide population is affected by at least one urinary symptom. (3) Out of 19,165 individuals surveyed in a cross-sectional, population-based, multinational study conducted by Irwin and colleagues, 64.3% reported at least one urinary symptom, with nocturia being the most prevalent (men, 48.6%; women, 54.5%). (4) Similarly, in a national study conducted by Herschorn and colleagues in Canada on 1,000 respondents, approximately half of the individuals

An analgesic (pain medication) may also be prescribed in order to numb your bladder and urethra, which will relieve burning while urinating. For frequent urinary tract infections your doctor may recommend a longer course of your antibiotic treatment. If your recurrent urinary tract infection s are due to sexual activity it is recommended that you use oral contraceptives (oral (by mouth) pills), which will reduce the amount of bacteria in the vagina that can cause urinary tract infections. Antispasmodic agents (drug that suppresses muscle spasms) will be temporarily prescribed if the patient is experiencing contractions (spasms) in their bladder. To treat symptoms of pain and discomfort that are associated with a urinary tract infection, a phenazopyridine (drug that relieves urinary tract pain, irritation, burning and discomfort), particularly in a pill form will be given. Tylenol (pain reliever) may provide relief from a fever that is caused by a bladder infection. Aspirin, which treats pain and inflammation, is also another medication that may be used. Antibiotic treatments usually fail in

Urinary Tract Infections, or UTIs, is the leading cause of painful urination. It is a common problem for women, and vConfidence has the solution with non-invasive procedures designed to treat UTIs. What is a UTI? Up to 50% of women get UTIs because the urethra, which transports urine from the bladder

A urinary tract infection may be classified as cystitis or pyelonephritis depending on the location of infection. Cystitis is the most common form of urinary tract infection, is located in the lower urinary tract, affecting the bladder and urethra. On the other hand, pyelonephritis, or kidney infection, is not as common, and is located in the upper urinary tract, affecting the kidney and ureter. The most typical symptoms of cystitis include urgency for urination, frequency of urination, dysuria (painful urination), and suprapubic pain or tenderness. Pyelonephritis on the other hand has more systemic symptoms, such as fever, nausea and vomiting, chills, malaise, as well as flank pain and tenderness at the costovertebral angle (CVA).

BIOL 2050L C1 Instructor: Hélène d’Entremont Room 250 TA: Eileen Haskett Isolation, Examination, and Identification of Gram Negative Pathogenic Bacteria Present in Urine Used to Discover and Diagnose a

Renal system main organ is kidney. Kidney filters bloods to excrete waste product from the blood, then the waste product eliminate in the body in the form of urine. There are many renal disorders that is cure or treatment with medication. I would like to discuss about Pyelonephritis. “Blockage anywhere

A urinary tract infection is characterized by the inflammation of the epithelium that is usually caused by bacteria from gut flora. The urethra runs from the outside of the body to the inferior side of the bladder. In females, the urethra is extremely short, usually 3 to 4 cm in length. While on the other hand, the male urethra is longer, usually 18 to 20 cm in length. The male urethra is also composed of three segments, the prostatic, membranous, and cavernous urethra. Due to the short length of the female urethra, the bacteria has a shorter distance to travel to reach the bladder, giving it easier access. This reason alone is the main cause of the higher incidence of urinary tract infections in females. Due to the fact men’s urethras

"Acute pyelonephritis involves acute tissue inflammation, tubular cell necrosis, and possible abscess formation" (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013, p.1523). The

A UC can be easily induced in animals by administering either the chemicals or bacterial infection. [46]. An ideal experimental model should mimic human UC quite closely, simple to induce, cheap and highly reproducible. Unfortunately, human UC is so complex that there is no single model that fully imitates it [46] but every model of colitis contributes valuable observations into one or another major aspect of the disease, and together they have provoked the formation of now a generally accepted set of the principle of human UC pathogenesis [59]. Amongst that different causes of induced or genetically based inflammation give rise to a limited number of common pathways of immunopathogenesis; normal resident gut microbiota can lead to an intestinal inflammation; loss of oral tolerance and alteration of the epithelial barrier contribute to the development of intestinal inflammation; and polarized T helper cell responses, as well as defects in innate immunity, mediate disease [12].

Urosepsis is known to be caused by the invasion of the body’s defense mechanism due to an infection. This results in the infectious organisms’ infection and multiplying in the blood. It begins with an infection of the urinary tract or obstruction of the urine. A UTI is the inflammation of the urinary epithelium caused by stomach or intestinal microbia. Leading cause of sepsis is gram-positive bacterial sepsis, however other causes include gram-positive bacteria, and fungi. If a gram-positive bacteria is the cause of the infection it will release exotoxins such as peptidoglycans, lipoteichoic acids, superantigens within the body’s defense system. This in turn will trigger a release of proinflammatory cytokines which activate the complement system, coagulation system, kinin system, neutrophils, endothelial and monocyte-macrophage cell activity. These systems and cell activity release anti-inflammatory cytokines such as LPS binding protein, IL-1 or IL-10 receptor antagonist, nitric oxide and other anti-inflammatory cytokines. Anti-inflammatory cytokines cause endothelial cell dysfunction leading to cell adhesion, tissue hypoxia, apoptosis, impaired vascular tone, microvascular thrombus, capillary leak and free radical damage. The combination of these dysfunctions will result in multiple organ dysfunction. Multiple organ dysfunction is recognized by altered mental status, hypotension tachycardia, p/f ratio less than 300 tachypnea, urine secretion less than 0.5

homeostasis and cAMP are both dysregulated, this in turn leads to alterations in the pathways that carry out cell proliferation, allowing for cells to rapidly reproduce. In terms of fluid secretion, it increases causing inflammation within the kidneys. Apoptosis is downregulated, so the rapid proliferation of cystic cells have no way to be killed by apoptosis, therefore cysts are easily developed.