Cytomegalovirus

Hand, foot, and mouth are parts of human body have the highest change to get contagious infection. There are many viruses but Enterovirus groups, (most common is the coxsackie virus) is the main factor. These viruses can spread through direct contact from person to person especially with those have bad habits such as: unusually washed hands or surfaces contaminated with feces. An infected person’s saliva, stool, or respiratory secretions can transmit the infection.

Viruses are microscopic particles that invade and take over both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They consist of two structures, which are the nucleic acid and capsid. The nucleic acid contains all genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA, and is enclosed in the capsid, which is the protein coating that helps the virus attach to and penetrate the host cell. In some cases, certain viruses have a membrane surrounding the capsid, called an envelope. This structure allows viruses to become more stealthy and protected. There are two cycles in which a virus can go into: lytic and lysogenic. The lytic cycle consists of the virus attaching to a cell, injecting its DNA, and creating more viruses, which proceed to destroy the host. On the other hand, the lysogenic cycle includes the virus attaching to the cell, injecting its DNA, which combines with the cell’s DNA in order for it to become provirus. Then, the provirus DNA may eventually switch to the lytic cycle and destroy the host.

The herpes simplex virus, HSV for short, is a double-stranded DNA virus with an enveloped, icosahedral capsid. It is an infection of the skin and mucous membranes (CDC, 2014). According to the ancient Greeks, herpes means to "creep or crawl". It is named herpes because the virus creeps onto the skin from under the surface. It presents itself as fluid-filled blisters (AAD, 2014). Humans are the only primate species known to be infected with the distinct herpes simplex viruses. There are two types of the herpes simplex virus (Hunt, 2010).

Genital herpes is one of the most common STDs in the U.S.A. Herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus. There are two types of herpes simplex virus; herpes simplex virus-1, and herpes simplex virus-2. Both can cause sores on the genital area. Most people with genital herpes, (herpes simplex virus-2,) do not know they have it, since the symptoms are either nonexistent or very mild. Herpes simplex virus-2 most commonly causes cold sores, but can also be a cause of genital herpes.

This baby’s mother had genital herpes and he soon died a few hours later with organ failure.

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a mild, contagious viral infection common in young children. It is characterized by sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is most commonly caused by the virus, coxsackievirus.

The article examines the outbreak of CyHV-2 as exotic virus in goldfish species in Australia. The authors conduct an investigation to identify the possible route for the virus to be passed to Australia and they also evaluate a possibility of establishment of virus in domestic stock. The study also provides a very comprehensive information about the incursion of CyHV-2 in goldfish population. Moreover, the study suggested that the virus were passing the quarantine via sub-clinical infected gold fish. The finding suggested that the distribution of CyHV-2 in Australia have strong relationship with the goldfish retail outlet in Sydney. Furthermore, the theory that provided in the article is supported by well-known researchers such as Richard Wittington. In addition, the writing style also consider a wide range of audiences particularly people who really keen on studying fish health. This study is very relevant to my literature critique due to the similarity of the research areas that covering in this article. Moreover, the method (qPCR) that used in this study are very sensitive to figure out the CyHV-2 infection.

Symptoms of RSV infection is different from age to age and is depending on previous health status. It is usually appear between 4-6 days after contact with the virus.

Introduction: How can one prevent cytomegalovirus from being transmitted from the seropositive mother to the infant? This research question came about because I have a strong interest in keeping children healthy and the prevention of children acquiring diseases or viruses. I am currently taking a medical virology, the study of viruses, class, and we talk about viruses that are well known. We also talk about viruses that are common, but many people do not know about them. This is the reason I chose to find out more about cytomegalovirus and its prevention methods because it is one of those viruses that many people do not know about. When I first learned about this virus, I became interested in learning more because of the way it affects infants. This topic is important to be researched because there are many mothers across the world with this virus, and most of them do not know that they have the virus. Even when they do find out they have the virus; they are still not sure of the ways the virus can be transmitted to their child. The mothers do not always know what harm cytomegalovirus can bring to the child if it is acquired. The prevention methods for this virus will be able to save infants and their parents from having to go through developmental problems that can be caused by the virus. Cytomegalovirus is very common, and it does not cause harmful symptoms in adults that acquire the virus because their

Paramyxovirus is one of a group of RNA viruses that are predominantly responsible for acute respiratory diseases and are usually transmitted by airborne droplets. The paramyxoviruses include the agents of mumps, measles, RSV, Newcastle disease, and parainfluenza.

Adenoviruses are double stranded DNA viruses that lack an envelope. They are not a risk to humans and induce only mild upper respiratory infection or food poisoning. Non-pathogenicity is a great advantage to their use as vectors for gene transfer. They are composed of capsid and protein fibers in the surface that help them recognize and bind to membrane receptors of mammalian cells which belong to Coxsackie family (CAR), and the expression level of CAR is an important factor for the efficiency of infection. The virus in internalized by phagocytosis and goes to the endosome, which decomposes, the viral capsid disintegrates and the genetic material is released into the cytoplasm. The genetic material rarely integrates into the host genome. It

Oncolytic viruses are viruses that are either genetically manufactured or naturally made, that can kill cancer cells without affecting normal cells. The virus rapidly multiplies until the cancerous cell explodes. This releases the virus, tumor specific agents, and GM-CSF. This causes the immune system to recognize cancerous cells and fight them with the help of the virus.

Also known as Hendra virus, Henipavirus (Nipah for short) is a pleomorphic genus of RNA viruses found in a type of fruit bat known as flying foxes. The infection is transmitted to humans from infected horses that get the disease from the bodily fluids of flying foxes, usually from horses grazing grass contaminated with urine or fecal matter of nipah-infected flying foxes. The disease actually cannot be transmitted from bats to humans. Treatment of Henipavirus is limited to supportive care and standard quarantine protocols, although vaccines are in progress.

Babies with congenital CMV who are sick at birth tend to have significant signs and symptoms, including:

AAV is a little, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA dependovirus which belongs to the family of parvoviridae. It requires a helper virus, ideally Ad or herpes virus or on the other hand human papillomavirus or vaccinia virus to encourage effective, completely permissive AAV infection and replication (Bloom and Young, 2001). Without helper virus, AAV sets up an inactive disease and keeps up as a dormant provirus coordinated into a unique site of human chromosome 19. AAV can efficiently infect a wide variety of cell sorts furthermore contaminate both mitotic and post-mitotic, quiescent cells, through heparin sulfate proteoglycans and integrin (Summerford et al., 1999). AAV has not been connected with any human disease which in this way conquers the security concerns experienced