DNA: A Double Helix Structure Of Protein

Structure and function in Biology is a broad concept that can be explored within a diverse range of topics across the subject matter. The following essay will be focussed mainly on the subject of Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or more commonly DNA. DNA is a highly complex, intricate and extraordinary macromolecule found within all living cells. DNA is a "biochemical noun" and can be defined as "...a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information." [Oxford Dictionary, c2016] DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, enclosed within a double membrane. Eukaryotic cells are multifaceted and require a high level of regulation to ensure smooth functioning. The double membrane of the nucleus allows gene expression, a key function of DNA, to be efficiently regulated.

DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid is very important to cells. DNA is considered the code and each code gives directions to protein molecules. What exactly is DNA though? DNA is a nucleic acid macromolecule with a double helix structure. The parts of DNA are nucleotides, nitrogenous bases, and then the hydrogen bonding. The nucleotides are made of a carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are held together by covalent bonds made up of sugar. The nucleotides stick sideways on the side of the chain. The nitrogenous bases are bases mainly containing nitrogen and containing adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Nitrogenous bases are labeled with the letters, A, D, C, and T. These nitrogenous bases stick out sideways of the chain. Once these two parts are created the nitrogenous base ends and the nucleotide ends create a ladder. The hydrogen

A gene is made up of different sequences of DNA. That gene is translated into protein production information. A DNA molecule is formed into a spiral, or a double helix. The DNA has a backbone that looks like a railing for the spiral and it’s made up of phosphates and suger’s. Through hydrogen bonds the spiral is sealed together. A protein is like a chain that’s folded of acid’s in a specific order, only 20 amino acids exist. A function in a body may change if the message in a gene is misspelled and the protein it encodes could possibly be wrong.

The discovery of the DNA double helix is known to be accredited to James Watson and Francis Crick. Watson describes the events that led up to the discovery in his book The Double Helix. Although they both have put in a significant amount of time and work to find the structure of DNA, one individual who was key to putting their pieces together was Rosalind Franklin. Considering Franklin’s efforts and contributions to the X-ray diffraction images of DNA, which have helped Watson and Crick with their model building and discovery of the DNA double helix, Watson fails to give credit where credit is due.

A DNA molecule is composed of a continuous string of deoxyribonucleotides. These nucleotides are composed of 5-Carbon sugar (deoxyribose), Nitrogenous base Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, the phosphate group. DNA is usually a double-helix and has two strands running in opposite directions. Each chain is a polymer of subunits called nucleotides. Each strand has a backbone made up of sugar molecules linked together by phosphate groups. The bases are leaning perpendicularly to the helix axis. They are hydrophobic in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the bases. The interaction energy between two bases in a double-helical structure is, as a result, a combination of hydrogen-bonding between corresponding bases and hydrophobic interactions between the neighboring stacks of base-pairs. Watson and Crick conclusions regarding the structure of the DNA model were that it has two single-stranded chains. These chains were held together by Hydrogen bonds. Guanine is paired with cytosine by three Hydrogen bonds and Adenine is paired with thymine by two Hydrogen bonds. The molecule is stabled by a large number of hydrogen bonds.

My name is Jose Gutierrez-Solana and I am writing to this panel in regards to a woman, whose contributions to science have gone neglected and somewhat forgotten. A woman, who without her contribution to science we may have been set back, and not have had so many advancements in the 21st century, these contributions were credited to James Watson and Francis Crick. I am talking about no one other than Rosalind Elise Franklin, quite possibly one of the greatest minds of the last century and arguably the biggest step in to creating the double helix DNA

In 1979 Nobel prize laureate and the co-discoverer of the structure of DNA called for a precise method to gain control over specific classes of neurones “leaving the others more of less unaltered” which will allow us to understand more about the “profoundly mysterious brain.” This was the first articulated idea of optogenetics, which would lead to the development of one of the most exciting areas of neuroscience. In 2005 Karl Desseroth and Ed Boyden publishes a paper detailing a single optogenetic system a revolutionary paper, using channel rhodopsin

Deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains genetic instructions used to grow and develop all the organisms. The main role of the DNA molecule is the long-term storage of genetic information. DNA is often compared to a set of maps, because it contains the instructions needed to make all other components of the cell, such as protein molecules and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid). DNA fragments carrying genetic information are called genes, but other segments in the DNA chain also have construction goals or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information.

The DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid it’s an acid of the nucleus of the cells, where the genetic information is found, it is used in the development and functioning of any living organism and of some viruses. This molecule is responsible for storing information, DNA can be compared as a plan, a code or a recipe, because it contains the instructions needed to build cells and their components, such as proteins and RNA molecules.

Proteins are very large molecules, macro-biopolymers, which is made from monomers called amino acids. An amino acid consists of a carbon atom bound to four groups. There are 20 standard type amino acids, and each one containing a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side-chain (also known as "R" group). The "R" group differentiates each amino acid, and the properties of the side-chains greatly influence the overall three-dimensional conformation of a protein. Nucleic acids, is called as it because of its prevalence in cellular nuclei. Nucleic acids are complex and high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecules that can convey genetic information in all living cells and virus. It monomers are called nucleotides and each consists of three

DNA is a “deoxyribonucleic acid” that is made up of bases known as adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. The double helix DNA has the four bases paired and connected to each side of the helix ladder. DNA carries genetic information and is passed along to offspring from each parent. Each person has

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA is a genetic code that determines the characteristics of a living organism. DNA is a large molecule shaped as a double helix, or twisted ladder. It is made of repeating units called nucleotides. Unlike RNA, DNA does not have uracil, but does have thymine, and the other bases (adenine, cytosine, and guanine). DNA is very important for when it comes to transferring hereditary information. Hereditary material, or “information” is from the parents of the offspring. It is information passed down from generation to generation and makes the human race unique. Without unique DNA, the human race could become extinct in an instant.

As demonstrated in The Double Helix, a significant process used to make a discovery is working together with other scientists and get more information from them by learning about the results from each lab. Francis and Watson would constantly communicate their ideas and theories with each other for feedback which in return helped them gain more information that could be applied to their models. They will share their ideas with other scientists to help further develop and refine their theories. In the case where after Watson and Francis made their theory for the structure of DNA, Rosy criticized how the theory had Mg++ ions held by the phosphorus groups. However Mg++ ions are held together by shells of water molecules, thus making it highly unlikely to be the structure of DNA. Also she pointed out how the water content was not correct and the model needed to contain at least ten times more water than what was shown in their model. This constructive feedback lead them to the process of revising their failed theory. Another process used by scientists to make discoveries is from getting help from other scientists to obtain the necessary components for the experiment/model; in the instance of getting samples of highly purified DNA from biochemists, molds from Maurice, and when Hugh was teaching Watson how to use the X-ray camera for TMV.

Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) is the molecule that hold the genetic information of living things. In our body every cell contains about 2 meters of DNA. DNA is copied every time a cell divides. Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) is made up of two polynucleotide strands. Polynucleotide strands twist around each other, forming a shape that looks like a ladder called a double helix. The two polynucleotide strands run antiaparallel to each other with nitrogenous bases this means that the stands run in opposite directions, parallel to one another. The DNA molecule consists of two backbones chains of sugars and phosphate groups. The organic bases held together by hydrogen bonds. Although bases bonded together are termed paired

When trying to understand the process of protein synthesis, basic terms are necessary. DNA is the backbone of life as we know it. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and it is necessary to life on earth. The basic unit of DNA is called a nucleotide which is also known as a base. DNA is a double stranded helix that is made of these bases. DNA makes thousands of proteins using only four different basis. These bases are labeled as A, T, G, and C. These letters stand for adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. These bases make pairs. A Pairs with T and G pairs with C.The same goes for RNA except thymine is replaced with uracil and RNA is single stranded. A continuous strand of DNA is called a gene. Genes are used to make functioning strands of RNA or proteins.