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This experiment is designed to test the allelopathy of two different treatments, Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus cinerea) and Lemon (Citrus limon). The two treatments will be tested on radish seeds (Raphanus sativus) to investigate the effect of the treatments on the germination of the radish seeds. Allelopathy is the beneficial or harmful effects that one plant has on another plant by the release of chemicals. Allelopathy studies the interactions among plants, fungi, algae and bacteria with the organisms living in a certain ecosystem, interactions that are mediated by the secondary metabolites produced and exuded into the environment (Francisco A Macías, José MG Molinillo, Rosa M Varela, Juan CG Galindo 2007). The plants use

Although, it doesn’t infect Tomacco (Simpsons Reference). It was the first plant virus ever discovered, as it was found over a century ago. Great research accomplishments with the virus and how it affects agriculture have gone on to win Nobel Prizes. While it has accomplished great things, it is still a very determined and gritty virus. The symptoms of TMV in tobacco include mosaic patterns on the plant leaves, mottling of the leaves, necrosis, stunting, leaf curling, and yellowing of plant tissue. The symptoms of the plant can vary, depending on environmental aspects, the virus strain and makeup, and the genetic background of the plant. When TMV infects tomatoes, the symptoms include poor yields, distorted fruit, delayed fruit ripening, and non-uniform colors on the tomatoes. The yield loss of TMV resistant seeds is very low. It is estimated that the yield loss is only 1%. Varieties of crops that are not resistant can lose up to 20% of the yield. The virus is transmitted through a number of different ways. It can be transmitted by the leaf of an infected plant rubs the leaf of a healthy plant, contaminated tools being used on healthy plants, and, although rare, can be transmitted from farm worker’s hands after smoking cigarettes. The virus can also contaminate the seed coats. When the contaminated seed is planted, the plant will have the virus. TMV can survive in plant debris over winter, making it even

Plant cells have selectively permeable membrane that allows selective substances to penetrate into the cell. Cell membranes are consisting of lipid layer that are made up of phospholipids. (Essays, UK.2013). These phospholipids are amphipathic in nature, which have phospholipids head and tail respectively. Phospholipids heads are hydrophilic and tails

Such as any other attack, a CBRN attack can bring out a variety of different reactions. Of course, a CBRN may make those remarkably worse. If we were to narrow it down, there would be two different polar reactions.

Two cDNA libraries were established from olive leaf and fruit, with 2304 clones and 1536 clones respectively. A total of 3840 EST sequences was generated from the two cDNA libraries. 106 low-quality EST sequences were removed by using Phred software. 3734 EST sequences with vector sequence were edited using Phrap “cross-match” application. EST sequences and 1506 high quality fruit EST sequences were assembled using Contig Assembly Program 3 (Cap3) to assemble the sequences separately into contigs. Consequently, homolog genes which were consensus EST sequences in GenBank can then be obtained. 2228 leaf EST sequences were assembled into 205 contigs, length ranged from 514 bases to 1924 bases. 1506 fruit EST sequences were assembled into 69 contigs, length ranged from 461 bases to 1909 bases. The two libraries were then assembled to obtain 299

As a ubiquitously occurring plant growth regulator, JA has been reported to contribute significantly in plant stress defense by playing role as a signal of developmentally or

There are several essential factors that contribute to the quality of life society enjoys today. One of these factors is the ability to produce crops such as corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, and several others. On occasion these crops experience stressors. These stressors can be from abiotic or biotic factors. Biotic stressors mainly include insect herbivores, whereas abiotic stressor mainly include temperature and water or lack thereof. It is vital to understand how crop react to these stressor in order to predict and possibly contradict the effect on the crops. When dealing with insect herbivores the outcome can be devastating. Insects can destroy large amounts of crops. To prevent insects from destroying crop, insecticides are used as well as transgenic crops are used. Abiotic factors such as drought can be more difficult. The total amount of semi-arid land on earth is one-third, and the rest of the land experiences unexpected drought occasionally (Fang and Xiong, 2015). This means that nearly all the crops in the world are at risk of experiencing some kind of water shortage. Due to these abiotic and biotic stressors, and extensive amount of research has been conducted and is still being conducted to minimize the negative effects. In the following sections will be an overview of the abiotic and biotic factors along with the crops response to each, as well as the genetic mechanisms studied to improve a crops ability to cope with these stressors.

The first finding of this virus dates back to 1974 in field sample of pepino plants (Solanum muricatum) located in the Canete valley in coastal Peru. The symptom of the plant is yellow mosaic in young leaves. However this virus has not call any significant attention until 1999 when it was detected in protected commercial tomato crops in the UK and the Netherlands. Since 2005, new strains of the virus have rapidly spread through tomato producing region. (1)

Bag, S., S. I. Rondon, K. L. Druffel, D. G. Riley, and Pappu, H. R. (2014). Seasonal dynamics of thrips (Thrips tabaci) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) transmitters of Iris yellow spot virus: a serious viral pathogen of onion bulb and seed crops. J. Econ. Entomol. 107: 75-82.

As pBCAMBIA-PMI contains the pmi gene which confers mannose resistance, we used the mannose as a selection agent in our transformation experiments. Nine different concentrations and combinations of mannose and sucrose in shoot regeneration medium were used to evaluate the effect of mannose on the organogenesis of non-transformed tobacco leaf explants (Fig. 2). After 3 weeks cultivation, we found that no explants produced shoots on media without any tested carbon source (Fig. 2A). When cultivated on 30 gl-1 sucrose (0/30), 100% of the tobacco leaf explants regenerated. The organogenesis response decreased progressively when mannose concentration was increased in the shoot regeneration medium. A decreasing selectivity of mannose was also seen when 5 gl-1 sucrose was supplemented to the selection medium. Results show that the inhibitory effects of mannose increases with decreasing sucrose concentration in the medium, indicating an interaction between mannose and sucrose (Fig. 3). Similar results were described by Sigareva et al. (2004) in tomato as the addition of sucrose to the selection medium modulated the inhibitory effect of mannose on shoot formation. Earlier studies pointed that the indirect toxic effect of mannose caused by the conversion to mannose-6-phosphate by endogenous hexokinase increases with decreasing sucrose concentration in the medium, suggesting an interaction between mannose and

Methodology: (1) Some selected rice genotypes will be evaluated for blast resistance in seedling stage under greenhouse condition. (2) Identification of rice blast resistance gene(s) in the genotypes. (3) Determination of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves of tested genotypes before and after 8 days from inoculation date with Pyricularia oryzae. (4) Quantitative real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis will be carried out to identify the most responsive rice blast resistance gene(s) in the genotypes. (5) For

2004). One- tube single step RT-PCR assay was carried out in 50 µL reaction mixture using QIAGEN OneStep RT- PCR kit (Qiagen,Ca). RT-PCR was carried out using a thermal cycler (T100 thermal cycler, Bio-Rad) to amplify cDNA fragments using the following conditions: RT at 50 °C for 30 min for reverse transcription followed by initial PCR activation for 15 min at 95 °C; 40 cycles of PCR, with each cycle at 94 °C for 60 s, 52 °C (while using PMTV2F and PMTV3 R)or 57°C ( while using C819 and H360 ) for 60 s, and 72 °C for 60 s; and a final extension at 70°C for 10 min. RT-PCR assay products were resolved by standard electrophoresis technique in 1% agarose gels pre- stained with gel red and the DNA bands were visualized under a UV-transilluminator. PCR products were cleaned by QIAquick PCR purification Kit (Qiagen) and subjected to Sanger sequencing (Retrogen, Inc. San Diego, and CA). The sensitivity of RT-PCR technique for detection of PMTV from soil extracted RNA was determined by using total RNA extracted from series of spiked soils.

1Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Department of Virus and Phytoplasma Research, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt

Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tbeq20 Altered Gene Expression: Induction/Suppression in Leek Elicited by Iris Yellow Spot Virus Infection (IYSV) Egyptian Isolate Elsayed Elsayed Hafeza, Ahmed A. Abdelkhaleka, Abeer Salah El-Deen Abd El-Wahabb & Fatma Hassan GalalcResults and Discussion Biological transmission and symptoms appearance IYSV was first reported on leek seed crops in 2006 in the Willamette Valley (36). This virus is known to infect other Allium spp., including onion and garlic (36). It has been reported that IYSV is transmitted by the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) but has not been shown to be transmitted by other thrips species (20). The results from our study revealed that viral symptoms appeared in the biologically inoculated plants (using Thrips tabaci) 10 days post inoculation. The inoculated leek plants showed spindle-shaped, straw-colored, irregular lesions with occasional green islands.

Effect of Carica papaya seed extract on the cell wall of A. flavus under transmission electron microscope: In this experiment, transmission electron microscope was applied to detect the effect of papaya seed extract in the conidia cell wall and mycelia of A. flavus at concentration 100 & 200 mg/ml compared with control (without papaw seed extract). A small portion of the fungal mat was fixed at room temperature in 2% (v/v) glutaraldehyde mixed with potassium in 2% (w/v) osmium tetraoxide buffered in 0.005 M sodium cacodylate at pH 6.5 for 40 min. After fixation, the material was washed overnight in the appropriate buffer, dehydrated at room temperature in acetone, and embedded overnight at 65°C in low viscosity epoxy resin (Spuur, 1969). At these conditions, the material was polymerized; ultrathin sections were cut by glass knives of an ULKD ultramicrotome.