DT: A Brief Summary

Autism is a developmental disorder, which is characterized by a dyad of difficulties in a) communication and social interaction and b) restricted interests and imagination (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Individuals on the Autism Spectrum might find it challenging to understand what other people think or what the reasons for their behaviours are, as their ‘theory of mind’ may not be well developed (Schuwerk, Vuori & Sodian, 2015). It is possible that this is why they might behave in socially inappropriate ways, being unable to differentiate between different contexts, while they might also find it difficult to make friends. Moreover, it is likely that they are fond of routines, repetition and structure (Carnahan, Musti-Rao, & Bailey, 2009), as they might be nervous with unknown, new situations. In addition, some of them might not do eye contact with other people, whereas some others might not endure to be touched and might have a difficulty developing speech (Jordan, 2005). Individuals on the Autism Spectrum might sometimes be prohibited to initiate conversations and might struggle with finding different ways to play and behave, due to the possible deficit of imagination, which in some cases might result in them having a narrow sphere of interests. Nevertheless, it should be noted that this group of people is rather heterogeneous, as characteristics of autism may differ from one individual to another (Gwynette, 2013). Another point is that people with Autism

This therapy works with your model of the world and you are getting involved in your therapy process, so that changes are easily accepted and long lasting.

From 1997 to about 2007 the number of children with autism spectrum disorder has increase from 42,517 to about 258,305 and has risen since (Reschke-Hernández, 2011). With this rise of children who have autism, the rise of music therapy has since appeared greatly. When music therapy was first documented, the music was used in both group and individual settings. It was used with those who lacked social skills, those who needed rehabilitation, for self-expression, for psychological improvement and also recreational purposes (Rescheke- Hernández, 2011). Music therapist use techniques such as improvisation music therapy, dancing and singing, speech dynamics, and rhythm to help clients with social skills, body awareness and communication skills (Rescheke- Hernández, 2011). Children who are diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder can be treated through music therapy to enhance their social skills, learning skills, and coordination.

Dr. Raffael Boccamazzo a psychotherapist uses DnD as a tool to teach children with autism how to interact in a social environment. “Dr. Raffael Boccamazzo, the Clinical Director of Take This, uses D&D to help teens who are struggling to adapt solid social skills learn those tough-to-teach aspects of socialization like appropriate communication, forming friendships, empathy, and other social nuances.” (Boccamazzo, 2016). Dr. Boccamazzo seems to be only one of his type to use DnD as a therapy tool. Dr. Boccamazzo uses DnD to help children with mental disabilities in order for them to adapt to social environments. The future of “gaming therapy” is bright as more and more research is being aimed towards games such as DnD. Something special about DnD is that the players do not play as themselves but as a made up character, because of this many of the children feel much more comfortable in another character’s embodiment. “Kids who struggle to react appropriately in “regular” social situations often feel more at ease when interacting in a roleplaying setting because they are responding to others under the guise of their character rather than themselves.” (Boccamazzo, 2016). Not only do children feel more comfortable in another person’s body, they feel more confident as they are able to believe in their actions. While in real life there are consequences when one

In discussing the difficulty in organizing his book, Golden (2002) explains, “It would be nice if I could pigeonholed each case as illustrative of a single counseling method, but real-life cases just don’t work that way” (p. x). MacGill (2017) agrees with this assessment by Golden (2002), which she demonstrates in her self-described “eclectic approach to play therapy.”

A field that has seen rapid growth in the last few decades is child therapy. Unlike adult therapy which can be as simple as a conversation between peers, child therapy presents a variety of new barriers. One barrier faced by child therapists is understanding behaviors that come from individuals on a different developmental level than themselves. Techniques and conversations that can be readily applied to adults by therapists are lost on children. Additionally with disorders that effect communication and connection, all attempts previously used would be null and void. Unfortunately, the individuals who would benefit from therapy the most are the ones who present these barriers. In an effort to make up for these deficits, play therapy was introduced as a way to transcend language barriers and aid the child in becoming self-aware on their own.

Dialectical behavior therapy which is performed by talking to the patients usually people with borderline personality disorder or people with suicidal thoughts. Family therapy is another way where a patient 's family is involved and is treated as a unit to figure out if the problem persist due to home environment. Group therapy is where a small group of patients meet regularly to talk, interact, and discuss problems with each other and the group leader. Also popular among kids is play therapy used to help them express or act out their experiences, feelings, and problems by playing with dolls, toys, and other play material. Under the guidance or observation of a therapist, psychodynamic psycho therapy that assumes dysfunctional or unwanted behavior is caused by unconscious, internal conflicts and focuses on gaining insight into these motivations etc.

DTaP (also known as DTPa) is a combination of three other vaccines which was invented in 1948 to protect against three diseases. The three infectious diseases which it protects against include diphtheria (causes thick covering in the back of the throat, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus (lockjaw). Most people are recommended to get the DTaP vaccine solely because getting one of the three diseases is much riskier than getting vaccinated, however, some may suffer from side effects. While the risk of severe allergic reactions or other serious harm is small, other common complications can occur. Some of these minor problems include fever, redness, swelling, soreness, vomiting, etc. For the small percentage of people who may

Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder have “deficits in communication, and have difficulty forming social relationships, responding appropriately to social cues, and sharing social experiences with others” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). There are several researched based strategies to help these individuals. Video Modeling utilizes video recording and display equipment to provide a visual model of appropriate behavior. There are several forms of video modeling: basic video modeling, video self-modeling, point-of-view video modeling, and video prompting. All have proven effective in teaching social skills. Social Stories are written to help individuals learn a new skill or master a situation that has been difficult

Cognitive Behavioral Play Therapy takes into account interactions between cognitions, emotions, behavior, and environment. The therapist looks to modify attitudes, beliefs, and expectations, they aim to identify and modify maladaptive thoughts. ( Knell 2009) The emphasis of therapy is placed on the child, issues of control, master, and responsibility are addressed as well as responsibility for one’s own behavior change. A child’s perception of events rather than the event themselves is assumed as the cause for behavior in cognitive therapy. (O’Conner & Braverman 2009)

The current strategies for DPSCS-DPP appears could be seen as good match for the competitive conditions it confronts although there is always room for improvement. Presently, DPP strategies are based on coordination, cooperation, and safe community. It is therefore important to point out that strategic planning and its application is the foundation for the future of organization to tackle competitors. Without strategies, organization’s survival will struggle. Having working strategies is very essential in organization because it gives intelligibility on where the organization would be in the nearest future and how is going to get there. This is why having mission, vision, objectives and values are important for the growth of the organization and for the purpose of focus for the personnel to have blue print that demonstrate the organization’s agenda both for the present and the future.

By modeling they are demonstrating the behavior themselves. After this they will assist the client in imitating the behavior. The client will work with the therapist to list treatment goals and to determine target behaviors. Modeling therapy is based on social learning theory. This theory emphasizes the importance of learning from observing and imitating role models, and learning about rewards and punishments that follow behavior. The technique has been used to eliminate unwanted behaviors, reduce excessive fears, facilitate learning of social

One form of the behavior therapy involves recreating situation that causes anxiety to a client, and another is virtual reality exposure therapy these method use to conquer fear. However, humanistic therapy can help individual achieve their potential,become more self-aware, and accepting of themselves in the present and the future. In addition, therapy that approach the past and unconscious is called psychodynamic therapy, focuses on unconscious processes as they manifested in a person’s.

Play therapy is generally employed with children aged 3 through 11 and provides a way for them to express their experiences and feelings through a natural, self-guided, self-healing process. As children’s experiences and knowledge are often communicated through play, it becomes an important vehicle for them to know and accept themselves and others.

The primary aim of the gestalt play therapist is to help children become aware of their unique process. The focus is on the experience of the process, what children do and how they do it, which they are, what they feel and what they want. Acceptance of this leads to the realization that they can personally make choices and experiment with new behavior. Gestalt play therapy focuses on children’s direct experience in the here and now. The therapist’s goal is to facilitate the client’s awareness of their process. (Corey, 2000)