Daisy The Cow Research Paper

Daisy Bates is an African American who owns the Arkansas State Press, and is the president of the NAACP chapter in Arkansas. She is married to Christopher Bates. Mrs. Bates has supported and documented the integration of Central High School from the beginning. She was born on November 11, 1914, she is 44 years old. When she was born her mother was sexually assaulted and

For many years, animals have been used to facilitate the testing of new procedures, drugs, and quest for information. Now as we enter the 21st century, humanity has created computer prediction models, tissue cloning, and great understanding of chemical reactions. However most of these new methods still are only sparingly used, despite their accuracy, and animal testing still remains the test method of choice. There's a newly developed technology that can allow doctors and scientists to duplicate living organisms. This development in technology is known as cloning, and it has forever changed the views of life. Cloning can serve as the answer to problems which plaque the human, animal, and plant populations. Any living species can now be

The invention of cloning has multiple positive outcomes to not only the inventors, but also to society. Cloning allows scientists to have a better understanding of cells through genetic research. This leads to not only a better comprehension of genes, but also “better research on diseases and how to prevent them” ( Pros and Cons of Cloning). At the same time, cloning benefits organisms such as animal and plant life. From this invention, endangered animals or plants can be cloned to save the species. “The invention of cloning can save organisms close to extinction” (Pros and Cons of Cloning). In the near future, cloning may “advance to allow pigs to grow replacement organs for human use in transplant surgeries”(Uses of Cloning) . This invention will also one day allow same sex couples to create their own children through cloning . These advancements will be both a medical and scientific breakthrough for mankind. As cloning advances, it may be able to save and create lives through gene research, duplication of organs, and adaptation of embryos for human use.

Introduction- Cloning is defined as two organisms having identical genetic DNA and has been around since the early 1800s. When people think of the word ‘cloning’ many think of Dolly the sheep; however, the first organism to ever be cloned was a sea urchin in 1885. When scientists created Dolly, they took a cell from the mammary gland from an adult Finn Dorset sheep and an egg cell from a Scottish blackhead sheep. Dolly’s white face was the first sign that she was genetically modified because if she wasn 't, she would have a black face like her surrogate mother. After her procedure, the scientists named her after the country singer, Dolly Parton. (1,2,3,5)

On page 15 the author states “taking a gene from one animal and putting it into another could help researchers learn more about how it worked and the role

However, many genetic disorders stem from complex multiple gene mutations, dominant genes, functional genes that are overactive or on the wrong part of the genome.. Environmental factors such as ultravoilet radiation or exposure to toxins can also be involved in genetic disorders. This is why scientists are currently investigating treatments such as Spliceosome-Mediated RNA Trans-splicing (SMaRT), gene silencing and the modification of immune cells to target specific molecules. SMaRT Targets and replaces mutated section of MRNA rather than replacing Genes on a DNA strand. it uses specialized enzymes to target and replace the diseased nucleotide sequence on the MRNA. Gene silencing is an approach used to turn a gene "off" so that protein cannot be produced. Gene-silencing can target a gene's DNA directly, or target mRNA transcripts made from the gene. There are three types of gene silencing; triple-helix-forming oglionucleotide therapy, RNA interferance and ribozyme therapy. Triple-helix-forming oligonucleotide therapy targets the DNA sequence of a mutated gene to prevent its transcription. This technique delivers short, single-stranded pieces of DNA, called oligonucleotides, that bind in the groove between a gene's two DNA strands. This binding creates a triple-helix structure that blocks the DNA

Cloning is biologically defined as “a plant or animal that is grown from one cell of its parent, and that has exactly the same genes as its parent” (“clone”). On the other hand, the majority of the people know the definition of cloning as “a person or thing that appears to be an exact copy of another person or thing” (“clone”). Presented with this definition many people view cloning to be a bad idea, but at the same time it can be argued as a good idea. The topic about cloning can be debated in either way. Knowing the positives and negatives of animal cloning, food cloning, and human cloning can help back up an argument.

If many individuals of the same species are all genetically modified and breed with each other their offspring should also have the same genetic modification within them. Instead of through natural selection an implication of this gene silencing process is that humans are driving evolution of the modified species. Only the genes that we are choosing not to knockdown will be inherited by the offspring or will be shown in the phenotype. Whether this is a positive or negative thing on the survival of the individual will depend on the effects of the silenced gene. In Daisy’s case and increase in caesium and a decrease in BLG are some of the visible discovered effects of knocking down this particular gene. Eventually if enough cows were modified or new cows produced through cloning or any other method where knockdown or gene silencing is possible then cows would no longer produce this protein, they would have evolved. However by having some that produce it and some that don't increase the genetic biodiversity and with an increase variety among the population could make species more successful as it increases the ability for at least one member of the species to be able to fight a disease or be immune to it stopping the species from becoming extinct. This forced evolution is going against the natural evolution but the counteracts of this are yet to be known. Any form of genetic modification in terms of gene silencing right now is not the safest way to drive evolution of a population. Until the process of RNA interference is completely understood and the effects of it confirmed and accurately estimated the risk of driving a species to evolve is a dangerous for both the species and humans without having the power to reverse these silenced genes. As Daisy had to be

The concept of cloning has been around since the 1800’s, although, in the field of scientists, it has slowly been evolving into a vigorously debated topic, throughout the last 3 decades. Cloning is essentially defined as the process of artificially reproducing genetically identical organisms. Scientists all around the world, through research, are still learning more about the topic, but the fascinating process officially gained awareness as a result of a 1986 experiment conducted by Ian Wilmut, scientist at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. The project was essentially centred around a sheep referred to as “Dolly” that was cloned in a lab using a frozen mammary cell from another adult sheep. At the time, this was a significant milestone in

The key to this new procedure was to time the cell cycle of the mammary cell with that of the egg. In order to do this nutrients were withheld from the mammary cell, which stopped it from dividing. The nucleus of the mammary cell was transferred into the recipient egg. An electrical current was given to the egg, which provided the energy that was needed for fertilization to occur. The egg began to divide and when it became an embryo it was placed into another sheep. The lamb that was born, Dolly was a clone of the donor of the original mammary cell (Kolata 27). This type of cloning is very exciting. This technique may be used to mass-produce animals that mimic human diseases for research purposes or to create animals with genetically modified organs that could be safely transplanted into humans. It could also be used to mass-produce animals for drug production or to improve livestock (Clone 1).

Gene and cellular cloning are realities in today's world, but the concept of whole-organism cloning has not yet been implemented. Shannon goes on to say, "Gene and cell cloning are well established, standard biotechnical research methods and must be distinguished and discussed separately from organism cloning" (10). Cloning is not that complicated of an issue as the media has made it out to be. It is, in reality, a simple process that can be understood once its intricacies are sorted out.

Genetic engineering is a hotly-debated topic. On the one hand, giant corporations, ambitious scientists and powerful politicians are pushing forward with projects they claim will benefit mankind, and on the other, public opinion, environmentalists and consumers' associations are concerned that these projects are insufficiently safeguarded and pose irreversible risks to life on this planet. In this paper I will set out the main issues in the debate on genetic engineering. First I will summarise the history of genetic science, and look at the origins of the debate. Then I will discuss the manipulation of plant, animal and human genes in turn, and consider the possible benefits and

Genetic engineering is the scientific process of using biotechnology to fundamentally alter the genetic makeup of an organism. It is a fairly recent practice in the history of science, with the first successful genetically-engineered organism created by introducing foreign DNA in an early-stage embryo of a mouse in 1974. This particular case is an example of transgenic modification, which is the artificial introduction and assimilation of unrelated DNA to an organism (Action Bioscience, 2013). However, there are many ethical concerns over genetic engineering and whether the genetic fabric of living organisms should be altered in such ways, which is heavily debated in the scientific community.

Modern technology has changed rapidly over the years, and one of the most life-changing innovations is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the deliberate modification of characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. It is a set of biotechnologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes, to produce improved organisms. Genetic engineering techniques have been applied to numerous fields including research, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine. Genetic engineering can be used for many manipulations in one's genes. Particularly, it may be used for changing the sequence of genes so that if a person's DNA has a gene for a certain disease it may be removed and prevented through genetic engineering. Another use may be the manipulation of genes by inserting into a child favorable traits, which are picked out by the parent before the kid is born, through genetic engineering. Therefore, Genetic engineering should be limited to altering genes that cause diseases. It should not be used to alter genes to make the “perfect” baby.  It should not be used to give favorable traits to a baby because this is immoral, and affects biodiversity by limiting genetic diversity, over a period of time.  And most significantly the repercussions of genetic engineering are still unknown. Leon Kass poses the question,” What standards will guide the genetic engineers?” (Kass, paragraph 32). This is a question we should be

     During the past few centuries, technology has reached a new level. With breakthroughs from the invention of electricity to the development of the Internet, these advances have made a huge impact on society. Every day brings the question of what will come next, and what technologies will further enhance the world. Science fiction novels and movies are essentially based on the wonder of future technologies. One of the biggest issues in the development of technology is cloning. The word clone is used in many different contexts in biological research but in its most simple and strict sense, it refers to a precise genetic copy of a molecule, cell, plant, animal, or human being.1