Dark Matter Within The Universe

There is perhaps no current problem of greater importance to astrophysics and cosmology than that of "dark matter". The controversy, as the name implies, is centered on the notion that there may exist an enormous amount of matter in the Universe that cannot be detected from the light that it emits. The evidence of dark matter is from the motions of astronomical objects, specifically stellar, galactic, and galaxy cluster/supercluster observations.

Dark matter and dark energy are two things that have confused scientists and astronomers since their discovery around the 1900s but we are slowly learning what they are.

If the sun had begun fusion later, so it did not clear the solar nebula of its remaining gas so soon,

Dark matter is an element which is non-luminous and cannot be identified directly by electromagnetic light but can be identified. Dark matter is believed to be the fundamental element that makes up the universe, and that could probably be the reason why it is difficult to separate it from other particles.

Orion was just coming back from the Ozone Layer, at Earth, and felt an odd presence. He couldn’t think of what it might’ve been, so he kept on flying to the Cosmos. As he arrived to the Cosmos, he checked on every type of energy. There was an energy that has never been active before. It was Dark Energy. He siphoned the energy, but it would show two photos. Pitch-black darkness and himself.

Explain both concepts and the differences between them. Describe the observations that led to the hypothesis that dark matter is an important component of the Universe. Describe the suggested constituents of the dark matter.

When talking about vacuum energy you have to take holographic principle into account. It is because the vacuum energy gets dynamical property when it is evolving. Holographic vacuum energy behaves as a type of dark energy. When the universe just started because of the Big Bang the universe was small and all the matter was closer together than today. When all the galaxies where closer together gravity was the dominant force, which means that the acceleration of the universe was slower. If there was less space in the universe and vacuum energy comes from space itself it was a small part of the early universe. People think that it has been around 13.7 billion years since the Big Bang and now the universe has grown much bigger and the galaxies

Scientists can only directly observe 20 percent of the known universe, the remainder of the material is unseen (Grant 2013). While 26.8 percent is known as dark matter (Redd 2014) a type of subatomic particle that has not yet been characterized (Grant 2013). Dark matter does not emit energy or light making it a problem for scientists to prove it even exists (Redd 2014). By ruling out what dark matter cannot be, this helps provide a better understanding and helps to narrow the possibilities down (Science.nasa.gov 2014). Accidentally stumbling upon signs of dark matter in the 1930s and further studies during the 1950s implied that there was a lot more matter in the universe that could be observed by the naked eye (Drexler 2009), there have

Black holes are a staple in the study of our unknown universe. The current understanding of general relativity allows something like a black hole to exist due to the strange properties surrounding them, as well as the effects on their surroundings. Black holes are defined by Chaisson's Astronomy as "a region of space where the pull of gravity is so great that nothing, not even light can escape" (Chaisson, 2013). This definition is very broad, simply stating the effects of what we call a black hole. Indeed, there is a lot of thoughtful assuming done when discussing this phenomena, however, what if everything we thought we knew about black holes was wrong and black holes didn't actually exists. That is exactly what a small group of scientists and astronomers think is the case.

Of course, as intriguing as a black hole’s effects within in and around galaxies could be, we must also keep in mind that some theorists believe black holes are responsible for producing, Dark Matter. As stated by the “The Gale Encyclopedia of Science”, in their article, “Dark matter”, Dark matter is, “material that does not emit or reflect light and that is therefore invisible” (The Gale Encyclopedia of Science). Scientists believe dark matter and black holes are in relation, because recent studies done by Russian astrophysicists Vyacheslav Dokuchaev and Yury Eroshenko, institute that, “dark matter could be made of microscopic — or quantum — black hole atoms (Dokuchaev, Eroshenko). In a sense, making it dark, however, as reported by the “World of Scientific Discovery”, in their article, “Dark matter”, “dark matter does not behave like ordinary matter, such as dust or gas, which leaves traces by emitting, deflecting, or absorbing electromagnetic radiation” (World of Scientific

As we progress as a species, we use more resources than the world can proportionately replenish. Third world countries such as Pakistan, Uganda, and Haiti are experiencing an energy crisis that is crippling to their societies. We must expand our horizons in order to save the place in which we live: Earth. If we are able to harness energies that are extraterrestrial, we may be able to break through into an entirely new era of technology. We have expanded outward as far as we can; it is time to expand upward into the universe. Dark matter and dark energy both make up a combined ninety-five percent of our entire universe. These are hypothesized materials that have been seen but not proven on a physical scale; however, they are literally holding

Overall, even though normal matter has been studied by ancient and modern scientists and philosophers, it was found that it represents only the smallest ratio of the universe. Meanwhile, the concept of the largest ratio, Dark matter and dark energy, were not introduced until the 20th century because they were invincible, hard to detect and only their effects can be seen using indirect methods. Dark matter and dark energy are similar in the sense that they cannot be observed, hard to detect, and not much is known about them. Dark matter is a matter that have its own mass and interact with gravity keeping the stars and plants in their orbits. While dark energy is an energy that create more space as time pass increasing the distance of galaxies

Even though dark matter is in existence we don’t have the instruments available to detect it yet. A theory suggests that dark matter is what actually makes up a large portion of our universe. Even though we can’t detect it, we know dark matter exists because it can interact gravitationally with visible matter and radiation. A professor from New York stated that dark matter plays a large role in causing geological catastrophes as well as mass extinction.

Once the temperature of the Universe dropped below the neutron-proton mass difference, neutrons began decaying into protons. If the early baryon density was low, then it was difficult for a proton to find a neutron with which to make helium before too many of the neutrons decayed away to account for the amount of helium we see today. So by measuring the He/H ratio today, they can calculate the necessary baryon density shortly after the Big Bang, and, consequently, the total number of baryons today. It turns out that you need about 0.05 M total baryonic matter to account for the known proportion of light isotopes. So only 1/20 of the total mass of the Universe is baryonic matter. This is probably the reason why Astronomers claim that Dark matter must exist to account for the gravity that holds galaxies together. If the only matter in the universe was matter we could directly detect, galaxies would not have had enough matter to have ever formed. The galaxies we observe today would fly apart because they wouldn't have enough matter to create a strong enough gravity to hold themselves together. Dark matter is also responsible for amplifying small fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background back in the early universe to create the large scale structure we observe in the universe today.

Definition of matter was a big controversy in science. Approximately two and third millennium ago, the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 BC -322 BC) wrote that matter consist of fire, wind, earth and water and that different compounds are obtained by different combinations of these elements (Laycock, 1979). Around 2000 years after that and through many contributions from many scientists, William Odin categorised the elements based on their atomic number and stated that these elements combine with one another to create different compounds (Scerri, 2007). At present, around 100 elements react with one another to form thousands of known and unknown compounds. However in the last century, it was found that these elements and compounds only represent 4.9% of the universe. The other 95% is dark matter (26.8%) and dark energy (68.3%) (Francis, 2013). This means that scientists spent more than two millennia trying to understand the smallest portion of the universe. Hence, scientists are new to the concept of dark matter and dark energy. So what is dark matter and dark energy that represent the majority of the universe and what are the theories that illustrates their behaviour in the universe, causing dark matter and dark energy be accepted hypothesis to explain the different observation?