Data Link And Network Layer Protocols

In 2003, as an outcome of all the sentinel events reported to the Joint commission lead to the creation of the “The Universal protocol for preventing wrong site, wrong procedures, and wrong person surgery” (Mulloy & Hughes 2008). So, one of the ways that could have potentially prevented the situation from happening at the first place was implementing the universal protocol procedure. According to the protocol the conduction of proper pre as well as post-operating procedures are extremely mandatory. Therefore, by enforcing a standardized routine pre-operating procedure such as verifying the patient as well as the correct site for the procedure, by having the medical staff or preferably the physician marking the operating site with his or her initials before the surgery will be an effective preventive measure (Mulloy & Hughes 2008).

The frames, which consist of the tags in them, are called as tagged frame. VLAN information is conveyed using the tagged frames. The tag header consist of two formats and they are as follows:

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are the basic communication protocols, which were designed to provide low level support for internetworking. This term is generally also used to refer to a more generalised collection of protocols developed by the internet community and U.S. Department of Defence.

The 802.3 family of standards has the format 802.3x where x is a sequence of letters specifying the new standards added to the 802.3 base standard. One of the enhancements to Ethernet is Power over Ethernet (PoE), in which Ethernet cable can provide power to remote, low-power devices that are not near an electrical outlet.

6. Why is Ethernet technology more appealing to users than the rest of the LAN technologies?

2. DATA LINK (Layer2) – divided into 2 sub layers: MAC, which controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it, and LLC which controls frame synchronization. At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization.

Framing: Data link layer receives the data from the network layer & divide it into manageable units called frames.

Stream identifiers identify what stream a packet belongs to; class identifier identifies a transmitter and the information and packet classes. The timestamp fields are used to precisely specify the reference point of time for the transmission of the first packet [14]. The trailer is an optional part of the structure that can be used to enable other processes, as well as indicate states and events [14]. For the project these optional fields are disregarded.

I have described my observations of the rate of change in Ethernet data transfer capacity.

Something that really struck out to me was the topic of networking. In Chapter 2, author, Don Raskin goes into depth about the importance of networking. What Raskin says about networking really makes a lot of sense because it is much easier for companies to make hiring decisions based on recommendations from a trusted source than hiring someone through the interviewing process. Employers can get an idea of who the interviewees are, but having people recommended to them makes their job way easier. Networking is something that I will definitely do to my fullest when I look for an internship/job. Getting to know many influential people that will help me better my career will really set me aside from others. Having as many connections as possible

The TCP/IP protocols are the heart and soul of the Internet, and they describe the fundamental rules that govern all communications in the network. The original address system of the Internet is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed IPv6 to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. However, IPv6 is not foreseen to supplant IPv4 instantaneously.

The two TCP/IP transport layer protocols (TCP and UDP), are very crucial for the smooth operation of network services for both the computer applications and application layer protocols such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP and Telnet. These two transport layer protocols TCP and UDP execute these services via the employment of IP. They use IP in the efficient routing of packets to their respective destination networks (Steinke,2001).The TCP is further noted by Steinke (2001) to be responsible for the provision of a reliable and yet connection-oriented byte-stream packet delivery while its counterpart UDP is noted to be responsible for the provision of a connectionless but rather unreliable packet delivery. In this paper we explain the work of the two TCP/IP transport layer protocols (TCP and UDP). In addition, describe how TCP and UDP manage key functions such as reliability, port addressing, and segmentation.

Physical media is what physically connects the computers connected on the internet. For this network two physical media will be used to allow access to the application layers of the system. The coaxial cables will be used to create a WAN. While a wireless protocol will be used in allowing users to roam within the network. A LAN will be represented as follows;

The ability to send and receive data efficiently is the most important objective of networking computers.

Well-known communications protocols are Ethernet, a hardware and Link standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the Internet Protocol Suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e. for data communication between multiple networks, as well as host-to-host data transfer, and application-specific data transmission formats.