Data Represent The Mean Of Triplicate Measurements

Another common remediation technique is stabilization or solidification which aims to alter the contaminants into a less soluble or mobile form (Wuana and Okieimen, 2011; Mulligan, Yong, and Gibbs, 2001; United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). In both methods water and a site-specific chemical solution is mixed into the soil to either alter its physical - make it less soluble - or chemical - reduce mobility - properties to make it less likely that the contaminants will move into other locations or be inhaled (Wuana and Okieimen, 2011; Mulligan, Yong, and Gibbs, 2001). Chemical treatment can also fall under the umbrella term of stabilization. Chemical treatment is add chemical solutions to the soil to detoxify the soil and can be used as a pre-treatment for other techniques such as solidification (Wuana and Okieimen, 2011; Mulligan, Yong, and Gibbs, 2001). These techniques are typically preferred due to lower costs but other physical elements of the soil, such as boulders, can make mixing the soil difficult and the process can volatilize and release volatile compounds (Mulligan, Yong, and Gibbs, 2001; United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). Mobility of contaminants can also be reduced by using the technique of vitrification through the process of heating up the soil (Wuana and Okieimen, 2011; United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). This method results

The American consumer market is twenty nine per cent of world market aside from the basic essentials we need to sustain life. We need to breathe, eat and drink water but we consume a large amount of other resources and services that eventually contaminate the soil we live on. There are so many new inventions and with everyone trying to have the next best thing that allows us to pollute more and waste more into the soil. In this paper I will focus on: What is soil contamination, the type of toxins found in soil contaminated areas and solutions on how to lower the chances of soil contamination.

Deposition of the various wastes from the excavation process has a significant effect on the composition of micro-organisms on the environment. The remains are composed of biocides and heavy metal which have a significant effect on the environment and its inhabitants. Natural gases that escape such as methane mix with vapor from the environment, resulting in increased acidity of the soil. This reduces the productivity of land as crops do very poorly under such saline conditions (DiGiulion, Wilkin, Miller & Oberley, 2011). The acid levels leak to the earth’s surface changing the oxygen and bacterial contents of the soil structure. This in return results in the plants being unable to fix nitrogen, the consequence being the reduced hydration capability if the plant hampering the formation of cellulose hence weak and contaminated plants will be

Contaminated land has been perceived as the occurrence of relatively rare, but potentially catastrophic incidents, with unforeseen and poorly understood consequences for human health, communities (Verplanken, 1990) and the environment, for example Barnes et al (2002); Levine (1982). Currently, contamination represents a widespread infrastructural problem of varied intensity and significance (Nathanail, 2004). Mass industrialisation and the technological advancements seen throughout much of Europe and North America during the 20th century can be characterised by disproportionately large increase in emissions of contaminants into the environment, where soil is often the ultimate sink

In order to develop the local soil criteria for identifying soils that would result in Pb concentrations in agricultural produce over food quality standard, it is crucial to establish the links between Pb contamination in soils and foods (Zhang et al., 2018a; Zhang et al., 2018b). Numerous studies have investigated the Pb as well as other trace metals soil-plant relationships. For Pb, higher levels in foods such as vegetables often found where soil levels were relatively higher (Samsøe-Petersen et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2018b). Bioconcentration factors (BCFs), with a linear uptake assumption were often used to link the soil-plant contamination levels. Despite of some successful attempts (Samsøe-Petersen et al., 2002), results overall were not consistent especially for Pb (Ding et al., 2016; Samsøe-Petersen et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2018b).

PCBs were both released into the water and soil. However, the surface water and sediment samples did not contain PCBs, they contained other metals and SVOCs. The soil located West of the refinery contained three times the magnitude of PCBs that were allowed.

tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin was still present in the silty soils and 63% in the sandy soils, a slight

Moss samples collected at Parc mine show no statistically significant correlation between Zn and Cd in the moss and soil samples although a strong correlation can be found for Pb and Mg (table *). Pb is highest in site 2 at 27284 ppm and drops to 95 ppm in site 3. Zn ranges to from 311 ppm to 54 ppm; Cd from 2400 ppm to 19 ppm and Mg from 182 ppm.

Leaching of pesticides though the soil depends on the geology of an area such as soil type, soil strata, bedrock, and impervious or permeable layers. It can take time for pesticides to leach through the soil and into the groundwater that we drink from and can take anywhere from a few months to a few years, therefore usually only persistent and mobile pesticides make it to our groundwater (Shrivastava et al., 2015).

Contamination of the ecosystem by non-regulated emerging contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticide residue and organic compounds is a human and environmental health concern (Kabata-Pendias, 2010; Choppala et al., 2013). Several of these inorganic and organic compounds are not efficiently removed through wastewater treatment. Soil and water resources contaminated by heavy metals are a growing problem in various locations around the world. Even though at trace levels several elements are natural components of soils, anthropogenic activities such as mining, industry, and localized agriculture have contributed to undesirable toxic levels in the ecosystem (Meers et al., 2005; Lewandowski and Schmidt, 2006). Many contaminants

Kew is efflux rate constant (day-1) for As taken up from solution and Kef is the efflux rate constant (day-1) for As taken up from food. Biodynamic model estimates steady state arsenic concentrations in H. siltalai and H. pellucidula in the laboratory. The equation consists of two parts and they can be summed; uptake of arsenic from solution and its subsequent efflux and uptake of arsenic from ingested food and its subsequent efflux. This helps to partition the total accumulated arsenic concentrations into arsenic derived from each route. In addition, it incorporates a growth rate constant that might affect metal taken up from either routes.

Source apportionment, distribution and mobilization of arsenic (As) in groundwater are hot topic that have received a significant attention among the scientific communities in the last two decades as a consequence of the human health risk associated with ingestion of As-containing water in the Ganges delta region (Welch and Stollenwerk 2003; Reza and Jean 2012; Joseph et al. 2015). Geochemical process of As in groundwater is increasing with time, which aggravates anxiety due to its toxic effects for the human. It is reported that 35 million of the residents in Bangladesh and West Bengal of India are exposed to the potential health risk of As poisoning (Chowdhury et al. 1999; BGS and DPHE 2001). High concentrations of As are mainly limited to sedimentary strata of Holocene age in Bangladesh and West Bengal of India (Bhattacharya et al. 1997; Ahmed et al. 2004). Unfortunately, most of the environmental problems associated with As are the results of mobilization from geogenic sources under natural reducing condition (Nickson 1998; Reza et al. 2013). Arsenic can be released into groundwater by reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxy- hydroxides (Bhattacharya et al. 1997; Nickson et al. 2000; Harvey et al. 2002). Furthermore, several studies have stated that chemical fertilizers and organic wastes may enhance As into groundwater by ionic reaction with phosphorus resultant from fertilizers (Chowdhury et al. 1999; Anawar et al. 2006).

The objectives of this experiment included creating an aqueous fertilizer in which all of the compounds added to the fertilizer would dissolve and stay in solution, ensuring that the liquid fertilizer had a neutral pH between 6.0-7.0, and keeping the liquid fertilizer sample to no more than 25 mL to minimize waste. My group made a hypothesis that if we chose compounds that bonded to one another, that the fertilizer would be aqueous because all of the compounds would remain in solution.

Water is an important factor that affects sorption because when there is excess water or when water drains through soil from sources at the surface, adsorbed pesticide molecules can become unattached, or desorbed, and wash away to a new location (Rao, 1999). Just as degradation has a measure in the half-life of a compound, sorption also has a measure in the partition coefficient (Koc), which is a ratio of pesticide concentration in a soil bound state versus dissolved in soil-water (Rao, 1999). In fact, “the solubility of a pesticide and its sorption on soil are inversely related; [in other words], increased solubility results in less sorption” (Rao, 1999).

Phytoremediation is the process by which plants and trees are used to remove or stabilize hazardous pollutants that exist in soil, sediments, surface water or groundwater. The EPA (environmental protection agency) estimates that more than 30,000 sites in the U.S. are in need of environmental treatment, and a great number of these sites are contaminated with highly toxic metals. Abandoned or under-used commercial and industrial facilities, termed as “brownfields,” are a major contributor to this environment concern. “Brownfields” pose significant health risks to nearby residential populations and threaten the plant and animal life close to them. Phytoremediation provides a very