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“Radiometric dating is the determination of age by using radioactivity, has become geology’s best tool for establishing absolute geologic time” (Shipman, Todd, & Wilson 704). The atomic nuclei that decay of their own accord are said to be radioactive. The decay product—or daughter nucleus, as it is commonly called—may be stable. If so, the transformation reaches completion in a single step. However, the daughter nuclei of many naturally occurring isotopes are themselves radioactive and hence undergo further decay”

Radiometric dating is a technique that utilizes unstable isotopes of natural elements. Because these unstable isotopes eventually decay at a constant and singular rate despite any environmental changes such as temperature or moisture changes. The unit used as measurement is a half-life which is the amount of time it takes 50% of the original isotope to decay into the next isotope or daughter isotope. Basically the amount of half-lives is multiplied by the length of the half-life to estimate the age of the object being tested. Every element used has a different half-life and that makes each useful for measuring certain types of material. Some have longer a half-life and thus a longer effective dating range. Potassium-argon dating is useful for dating material that is extremely old. This method is used by geologists to replace relative ages based on rock formation with absolute ages. The dates found from the radiometric technique are accurate because the sources, the individual radioactive isotopes, are unchanging and unaffected by environmental factors. This means that the radiometric data will always be precise unlike relative dating which relies on the theory of uniformitarianism, the theory that geological history is made up of endless and uniform

How this could be tested that the hidden monument came before possibly Stonehenge is that with further technology one day we could be able to do carbon dating without excavating the site that could mess up so much. I believe that is we can make a drill that is long , but small enough to get the where the stones are and be able to test it that way will one day be possible for now I recommend that leave the buried stones alone until we have the best tech to deal with the

Encyclopaedia Britannica also states that it is “proved to be a versatile technique of dating fossils and archaeological specimens from 500 to 50,000 years old” (1998). This method of age determination is dependent upon the decay of nitrogen and radiocarbon (Carbon-14) (Encyclopaediea Britannica, 1998; Opinions of Radiocarbon Dating, 2011). Carbon-14 is continually formed in nature by the interaction of neutrons with nitrogen-14 in the Earth’s atmosphere (Encyclopaediea Britannica, 1998; Opinions of Radiocarbon Dating, 2011) and all living things exchange the gas carbon-14 with the atmosphere surrounding them. The amount of carbon-14 exchanged into the living organism is perfectly balanced with its surroundings, but when an organism dies, they stop taking in the gas and that equilibrium is damaged. Because Carbon-14 slowly decays at a known rate called its “half-life” in a dead organism, scientists can figure out how long ago it had stopped exchanging carbon with its atmosphere. Thus, its age can be determined by measuring the amount of Carbon-14 in a sample (Hirst, 2017; Opinions of Radiocarbon Dating, 2017; Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Research Laboratory for Archaeology, n.d.; Earthsky, 2017; Cram, 1993). With the utilisation of Radiocarbon Dating, scientists have been able to discover that Lindow

Radiometric dating is still being used today. Modern uranium-lead radioactive dating of meteorites and earth materials gives us today's estimate that the earth is about 4.5 billion years

2. Given that the half-life of the radioisotope carbon-14 is 5730 years, how useful do you think this isotope would be for dating bones that are over a million years old?

2) Carbon -14 would not be effective at dating bones that are millions of years old. Carbon -14 is effective at dating to a maximum of 40 000 to 50 000 years old. The isotope decays over time and would not be present on bones that are millions of years old.

It is interesting to note that Carbon-14 is radioactive while Carbon-12 and Carbon-13 are stable.

This site began its occupation during the Developed Periphrastic Period due to the pottery found in strata 25, 24, 23, and 22. The site was continually used until the Early Pleonastic which is found in strata 18, 17, and 16. The site was abandoned sometime between 1500 BC-800 BC because in stratum 16 there is Early Pleonastic pottery then in stratum 14 there is Late Chiastic pottery. Stratum 14 has Late Chiastic pottery, indicating the site has a population again. However, the stratum is clearly a hole that cuts through strata 15, 16, 17, and 18. In the stratum, burnt animal bones, seeds, broken pottery, and broken groundstones are found, possibly indicating nomadic people travelling through. The C-14 dates on the seeds are 720 ± 30 BC and

Modern scientific methods and testing have made it possible for both historians and archaeologists and also

Dating the rocks of the Grand Canyon is a scientific way to find out the age of this mysterious landmark. The age of the Earth and the Grand Canyon is a question both of a biblical interpretation and scientific investigation. It can be viewed by an old earth creationist and young earth creationist. The two creationists have a difference of opinion concerning the formation and age of the Grand Canyon rocks.

Unlike archaeologist of the past, modern archaeologist have been able to utilize radiocarbon dating and accerlate mass spectrometer to help them acquire absolute dates on many of the artefacts they excavate (Bahn). Carbon 14 dating as made a tremendous impact on the efforts to reconstruct the chronology of Ancient Egypt because it allows researchers to compare the amount of carbon present in decrease organisms to carbon found in living organism to establish a timeline (Edward 1970). When historical dated artifacts were compared with dates acquired through radiocarbon dating, the results were astounding. For artifacts that were considered “well-dated”, carbon-14 dating deemed 71% of the items dated with historical techniques to be accurate within 50 years and 89% were deemed accurate within a hundred years (edward 1970). While these early results seemed encouraging, dates from radiocarbon analysis of other items conflicted with the dates derived from historical dating

For radiocarbon dating to accurately date anything no matter its age, two facts must be accounted for. The rate of decay of Carbon-14 and the amount of Carbon-14 in the creature at the time of its death must be known. The rate of decay of Carbon-14 can be determined by its half-life, which is around 5,730 years. This means that every 5,730 years the amount of Carbon-14 in an organism is cut in half. As a result, the amount of Carbon-14 would eventually dissipate to nothing in every organism after its death.

Stable isotopes such as carbon-13 and carbon-12 do not decay like carbon-14. During photosynthesis carbon-12 is more easily absorbed by plants due to it being lighter then carbon-13, as it’s heavier. Therefore when there is a particularly high photosynthesis rate more carbon-12 is absorbed by organisms and thereafter preserved in the sedimentary rock. The atmosphere and ocean have more carbon-13 than carbon-12 as it’s more readily absorbed at this time. Carbon-13 created carbonate skeletons in the ocean, phytoplankton have calcium carbonate

This changed history forever. While it created controversy, due to some people’s attachments to the old ways of dating and doubts in this revolutionary method, it proved to be the closest method to have an accurate chronology of history. In 1955, to prove the accuracy or radiocarbon, Libby published a graph that showed the comparison of the results of radiocarbon dating of specimens from Egypt. These specimens had already an absolute known date. The graph proved the accuracy of Libby’s radiocarbon dating. Figure 1 (Renfrew, 1973)