Db Lab Report

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

The purpose of this lab was to identify unknown bacteria cultures using various differential tests, and my unknown bacteria is #17. The identification of these unknown cultures was accomplished by separating and differentiating possible bacteria based on specific biochemical characteristics. Whether the tests performed identified specific enzymatic reactions or metabolic pathways, each was used in a way to help recognize those specifics and identify the unknown cultures. The differential tests used to identify the unknown cultures were Gram stain, Catalase, Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), Blood Agar, Novobiocin, Coagulase, and DNAse (Alachi, 2007).

The experiments conducted for this lab report focused on water contamination and filtration. Experiment 1 was effects of groundwater contamination. Oil, vinegar, and laundry detergent were added to clean water with no means of filtration. The clean water was found to be contaminated. A filtration system consisting of cheesecloth and 60 ml of soil was created and the contaminated samples were filtered through it. The soil and cheese cloth did not affectively filter the contaminants. Experiment 2 focused on

2. (5 pts) List and explain the names and affiliations of the various characters/stakeholders in this story – I’m looking for us to use the story to map out the complexities that are generally associated with solving public health puzzles – the stakeholders you list and explain here should apply to many of the cases we consider going forward.

The mean voltage of the battery terminals while connected to the identification resistors is presented in Figure ‎4 12. These samples have been pulled out from the voltage sensor of the PEB panel. The voltage decreased as expected from 12.53 to 12.5 during first 20 seconds of connection to the

After recognizing the restriction sites, the restriction enzymes cut off the DNA strands at these points, leaving sticky ends on the original DNA fragment. The restriction enzymes can also travel to other cells to cut off DNA sequences, the sequences that can match the bases of the original sequence. The sticky end will find other sticky end to form a new recombined DNA sequence, obeying the law of base-pairing.

BTB or Bromothymol blue, is a liquid is mixed with oxygen If BTB is yellow, there is no oxygen in the matter. Yellow is less acidic and Blue is basic. The colors in the process are blue, then green, and finally yellow. The whole purpose of this BTB experiment was to find out if the water plants give out in the light. Would they also give oxygen in the dark? And or if the matter does not matter if the plant is in the dark or in the light. The guiding questions was, do they give light off? Do they use it? Could they possibly do both? Does it matter whether they are in the light or in the dark? My predictions were that the plants would give oxygen when there is blue BTB in the sun. If yellow BTB, no change in color. If there was no sunlight for the plants, the liquid

Although this depiction is not a hundred uncovered in bacteria, percent proven through research, it can be said that a cell is more likely to use NHEJ when it has not replicated yet. On the other hand, the cell leans towards homologous recombination after it has replicated. She also entails that yeast is very useful in studies the processes mentioned above. Additionally, she stated that scientists are involved in efforts to study how mutated genes react to breaks in their structure. Equally important, she recounted that double strand breaks can be monitored by inducing a break within cells. Dr. Friedman details that scientists have gone about this by using a specific, regulated protein that recognizes and chews through DNA

DNA topoisomerases are involved in many biological process, such as replication, transcription, recombination, and remodeling of chromatin (Champoux, 2001). The topoisomerase I is a monomeric protein (Fig. 1) that removes the negative superhelicity in DNA by changing the linking number of DNA in steps of 1, a reaction that does not need ATP (Burton and Kaguni, 1997). Topoisomerase I is composed by four domains

Chemistry is composed of many molecules and changes of properties in the matter of science. The elements on the periodic table arranged from metal to non metals, plays an important role when it comes to making a compound and mixture. Each of the element have their own unique atomic mass which matters when it comes to organizing the periodic table and when there is a calculation. There are lots of importance about the atomic mass of each element that will be discussed later in this essay. An experiment performed using the mass of zinc and copper has determined whether which element have excess remaining. Will there be a difference if an alkali metal was used?

SHM occurs by two mechanisms: 1) DNA replication reads the uracil as a thymidine and pairs it with an adenine which results in a C to T or G to A transition. This type of mutation only requires AID activity68, 69. 2) Uracil is a pyrimidine normally found in RNA and the base-excision repair system will therefore attempt to correct the mistake by removing the uracil. This creates an abasic site in the DNA strand. The removal of the uracil is executed by an enzyme called uracil N-glycosylase (UNG)70, 71. In the abasic site a random nucleotide may be inserted leading to both transitions (G:C into A:T) and transversions (G:C into C:G)68. Ultimately, for both mechanisms it is the misreading of a low fidelity polymerase that is responsible for the introduction of the point mutation72, 73. AID only binds single stranded (ss) DNA and thus only functions on actively transcribed alleles where transcription temporarily separates of the two DNA strands within the transcription bubble74-76. Sequencing studies support this in that mutations only occur downstream of the VH-gene promoter suggesting the importance of this promoter for AID activity. It is hypothesized that AID is recruited

(2009), who showed that EYA family members are tyrosine phosphatases that remove the Tyr142 mark from H2AX, and that knockout of EYA genes leads to increased apoptosis. Phosphatase activity of EYA members may play a novel role in mammalian organogenesis, in order to block an improper apoptotic response to normal levels of genotoxic stress, by dephosphorylating H2AX on the tyrosine residue (Cook et al., 2009). This group also showed that MDC1 - promoting repair - binds specifically to mono-γH2AX (pSer139 only) and not to di-γH2AX, while activated JNK - promoting apoptosis - seems to bind to the di-phosphorylated form. The precise recognition of the phosphorylated residues of the tetrapeptide C-terminal H2AX is key to the ability of MDC1 to facilitate and control interactions with H2AX through phosphophorylation of H2AX at Tyr142. pTyr142 is believed to be an important H2AX mark in undamaged chromatin, where one of its roles is to likely block binding of MDC1 (Campbell et al., 2010). Also, it was shown that blocking the tyrosine phosphorylation by mutating the tyrosine to phenylalanine significantly reduced apoptosis. Studies have indicated that phosphorylation of tyrosine 142 prevents recruitment of repair protein complexes to phosphoserine 139 of H2AX, although it is likely that there are many additional and not well-understood aspects that lie beneath the full molecular philosophy of

They depended on the linker used by Jullien et al (19). We depended on the designing criteria of the linker for efficiently separating domains in bifunctional proteins (40). They reported to use rapamycin-dependent dimerization or ɑ-helix interactions for enhancing posttranslational association between the two fragments. Some trials used artificially designed antiparallel Leucine Zipper to assist protein fragment reconstitution (41). In our study, we used yeast GCN4 coil/coil Leucine Zipper domain which previously used by some split-Cre systems (19). This Leucine Zipper does not interfere with normal cellular physiology (30). Each protein fragment behaves as an independent protein. It has different kinetics than the other protein fragment. We tested the recombinase activity on synthetic construct and on mammalian genome. We have optimized the system to choose the best spatial and temporal control of the Cre recombinase. Meanwhile, the reconstituted CRE recombination was not present in all cells. We had to sort cells expressed both nCre and cCre fragments. There are two possibilities for this finding. First, the reconstituted CRE is too low to induce complementation. Second, there is difference in the expression pattern between the two promoters in each cell due to epigenetic factors.

In cells, DNA is replicated from chromosomes with two points of regulation: a six protein complex forms at an origin and is activated by proteins that can modify others (Gambus et al, 2006; Labib, 2010; Zegerman and Diffley, 2006). This draws more proteins towards the origin for initiation to occur. Origins are specific DNA sequences where the two DNA strands are unwound for replication, creating fork-like structures (Labib, 2010). Origin unwinding occurs by the six protein complex mentioned with other initiator proteins and a four protein complex called GINS (Gambus et al, 2006). Another six protein complex called the Origin Recognition Complex orders these components at the origin (Takeda et al, 2005). DNA replication is then carried

Central DNA binding domain (DBD) - required for binding to specific sites on the DNA.