Deadly Disease : Kaposi Sarcoma

Identify the disease process presented by the case study as well as the normal structure and function of the organ system and/or physiological process.

Gangrene is a term that is used to identify when a large amount of tissue undergoes cell death (necrosis). Gangrene essentially means death of tissues due to lack of blood supply and invasion of deeper tissues with infection (Porth & Gaspard, 2015). There are two main classifications of gangrene, dry type and wet or moist type (Porth & Gaspard, 2015). There are several other types of gangrene that are rarer, however, all types of gangrene manifest either as dry or wet form (Porth & Gaspard, 2015).

Osteosarcoma is an ancient disease that still incompletely understood. The term sarcoma was introduced by the English surgeon John Abernathy in 1804. In 1805, the French surgeon Alexis Boyer first used the term osteosarcoma. Boyer realized that

The main cause of Acral Lentiginous Melanoma is the development of the malignant pigment cell or melanocytes which grow along the basal layer along the epidermis (Oakley). The melanocytes may come from preexisting genetic mutations. The reason for the development is only at the moment known by scientists to be related to genetic mutations (Oakley). Dermatologists are can use a dermatoscope to easily distinguish Acral Lentiginous Melanoma from other skin lesion types (Oakley). The scientists use these few signs to distinguish it: Melanocytic naevi or moles, viral warts, a sub corneal hemorrhage or bleeding. The more common observed features include:

The father decided to do the biopsy and they took her back. Studdert removed an inch long ellipse of skin and tissue stretching from the top of the foot to the tendon. Then, he removed some of the muscles at the center of the redness. Both samples were sent to the pathology department where a dermatopathologist had later confirmed their suspicions. When she was taken into surgery, the destruction was obvious and they had questioned the need for an AKA or BKA. However, they decided to trust their guts again and did a debridement and flushed out the muscles. Two hours later, she was transported to another hospital and put in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber for two hours to boost muscle repair. The following day, she was taken back into surgery to remove more of the infected muscle and they decided to increase the oxygen treatment to twice a day for two hours. Twelve days later, she was released from the hospital bacteria free. A patch of skin, about sixty-four-square-inches, had been removed from her thigh and used as a skin

described the characteristics and symptoms of this disease and what exact organs it relates to.

The disease was first noted in 1786 by Caleb Hillier Parry 1755- 1822, physician from General Hospital, Bath, England. His account was published posthumously in 1825.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common and fatal genetic disease currently in the United States, affecting roughly 30,000 Americans each year (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2013). CF is an autosomal inherited disease that adversely affects the mucus and it’s production throughout the entire body. Mucus is normally a slippery substance that lubricates and protects vital organs and body systems including the lining of airways, reproductive system and digestive systems. Patients who are diagnosed with CF actually have mucus that is abnormally sticky and thick, which places them at a high risk for severe pulmonary, digestive, and reproductive problems. Specifically regarding the pulmonary system CF patients often develop clogged airways, leading to bacterial infections and breathing abnormalities such as chronic coughing, wheezing, inflammation and lung damage. As a result of this recurrent and problematic, this places the patient at an increased risk for permanent lung damage and disease. Over time due to recurrent, chronic lung infections the characteristic of the lungs begin to change as more and more scar tissue develop making them fibrotic and develop cysts.

During the initial examination, cyanosis was present in all digits of her hand. Her fingers looked blue. There was apparent sensation

It arises from the melanocytes. Melanomas often resemble moles and it is very important to know the difference between the two. Melanomas are usually black or brown but can also be skin-colored. They form a large flat spreading lesion with a rough border. On the contrary, a mole usually has an organized color and even contour, and no longer than the end of a pencil eraser (6mm). The greatest risk factor is those who are genetically predisposed to the disease. It occurs more in men, redheads, and severe UV exposure experiencing severe sunburn as in childhood. An oncogene called BRAF is responsible for ⅔ of cases of melanoma in men although it does not appear to trigger melanoma in woman although it has been connected to some breast cancer and ovarian cancer in women. The BRAF mutation is commonly found in moles. To recognize melanoma The American Cancer Society created an “ABCD rule”: A for asymmetry-irregular shape; B for border irregularity-not smooth but wavy, wrinkled, scalloped or rough. C for Color- black, brown, skin colored-tan, and even sometimes red or blue; and D for diameter greater than 6mm. The survival rate of metastatic melanoma is slim with the average patient living only 6 months after diagnosis and only around 5-14% surviving after 5 years (Saladin,

Another cause of osteomalacia, although very uncommon, is tumor induced, also know as oncogenic osteomalacia (Kaul et al., 2007). The most common tumor form is phosphaturic mesenchymal and this tumor releases excess fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23). The release of FGF23 results in hypophosphatemia, or low phosphate levels in the body by decreasing small intestine and renal resorption of phosphate (William et al., 2011). FGF23 also inhibits 1α-hydroxylase which prevents the formation of the active form of vitamin D. In normal conditions, the bones increase the release of FGF23 when phosphate levels are high, so one can imagine how severe osteomalacia can result from the body being told it has too much phosphate when

The adult form of Schindler disease is also known as Schindler disease type II or Kanzaki disease.In this, symptoms might not appear until the third or second decade of life. A characteristic symptom of type II Schindler disease is involvement of tiny blood vessels called telangiectasia present in the skin that is responsible for small, reddish skin lesions, and an increase of its horny layer known stratum corneum; hyperkeratosis referred to as angiokeratomas. Small lymph vessels may undergo dilations which may lead to swelling or lymphedema mainly of the lower

The history of the disease was first described in 1882 by the German pathologist, Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen. Recklinghausen was successful in generating some of the most descriptive medical observations of his time, making him the first person to

The most serious type of skin cancer is melanoma. Melanoma begins in the melanocytes and forms tumors that are usually brown or black. Any skin on the body can develop melanoma. The common places for melanoma to start are the back and chest of men and the legs of women while the neck and face are also common spots. Although it is uncommon, melanoma can also be found in the eyes and mouth. The skin is the main organ affected by melanoma but its is possible for the cancer cells to spread to internal organs. If melanoma is spread to the immune system, it can trick it to not destroy the cancer cells by use of immune cell proteins. Melanocytes are cells with pigment in them, that give the skin its color and are also the cells that become melanoma.

We cannot prevent at all the Kaposi sarcoma, but it is probably that in the future we can take medication to prevent it. First of all the doctor is going to ask if you are HIV positive or other sickness that can low your immune system. Maybe the medicine that the people with HIV use, can prevent, scientists are investigating. The Kaposi sarcoma has no cure, it is for all your life, you can control it, but you cannot cure it at all. But if you detect it on time you can avoid terrible results.