Debate Between Ontology And Epistemology

Organisations, manages and many other factors have all helped change and structure the way that organisations are managed and sustained. Various different styles and techniques have been trailed and tested over the many years and from the strict regime that henry ford (ford motors) started to conform, to the current way organisations such as google are managed are two different foundations and styles. This assignment will examine and compare the variance in styles and look at the way this has changed over the years with contributing factors such as technology changing the way organisations are producing and organizing their products, services and staff and will argue that although factors such as health and safety are a positive for consumer and worker, that this could cause other factors such as productivity to fall short of expectations, quality and service. The three main points that will be discussed are scientific management, human relations and contemporary practises. Is the more scientific approach the best practice? Or as time has moved on is the modern contemporary practice more beneficial towards organisations and employees?

The first type of reality, objective reality, is the world around us and how it works. It just is. The second type, subjective,

Revans, R. (1958). On "Management and the Scientific method" The Journal of the British Institute of Management. Retrieved May 12, 2015.

According to Rayner (2011, p. 258), epistemological structures reflects academic values, beliefs and idea of knowledge. They are used by researchers to interpret and re-interpret domain discipline. Knowledge acquisition can be sourced through perception, introspection, reason, testimony and memory (Steup, 2005). Old school researchers think of epistemology as the science of testing hypothesis. This traditional way proposes that researchers known as empiricist should first collect information then propose hypothesis, and then test the hypothesis objectively using statistical data. However, epistemology is about different ways of inquiring into the nature of the physical and the social worlds. And the result of the debates between the different led to the above mentioned views of social science research: positivism and social construction-ism (Easterby-Smith, 2012, p. 22).

According to the accumulated definitions from the movies “Inception” and “The Matrix”, and Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, reality is only what the user perceives as true. This notion of reality is the one our stories tell of, the “true reality” that protagonists search for. That is to say there are multiple forms of reality (and the subforms they take, especially

Ontology is the question of the nature of the reality. It deals with what exists, and what the reality of the situation is currently, recognizing that reality can and will change. It assists in defining the views and assumptions of the researcher (Kramer-Kile, 2012).

Director Levitsky, I posit to you that we should restructure the epistemological foundations of U.S. counter-terrorism policy as it pertains to Salafi jihadism specifically, and Islamic terrorism broadly. I believe that we must fundamentally change our understanding what Islamic terror is if we are to have any hope of effectively opposing it. Current institutional dialectics and policy focus on the political and strategic aspirations of terrorist groups, as well as the tactical methods they employ to accomplish their goals. I suggest to you that existing counter terrorism polices are pursuing superficial material aims. We are attempting to destroy terrorist groups, institutions, and individuals. However the material structures of terrorism

Both Machi and McEvoy (2012) and Bell and Waters (2014) stated that there are several reasons why the author needs to complete a literature review. The most consequential motives are to compare previous findings, to justify the thesis of this paper, to identify similar work done within the subject area and to critique existing conclusions and suggest further studies. Furthermore the author must gain knowledge and understanding of the most important issues to establish the researcher’s theoretical framework and methodological focus. This literature review will illustration how the investigation the author is conducting fits with what has gone previously and puts it into perspective.

While researching the steps in the management-research question hierarchy, it is noticed that there are a variety of steps that need to be addressed. The management dilemma needs to be discussed, for this is the key hypothesis in the research process and it is important to define the management dilemma clearly. According to Cooper & Schindler (2014), “the research process begins at the most general level with management dilemma.” Usually this is a “symptom of an actual problem” (p. 77). In addition, the management-research question hierarchy that was presented by Cooper and Schindler helped to translate and break down a “basic management dilemma into specific measurement questions. The “hierarchy levels of management dilemma” are management questions, investigative questions, research questions and measurement

The realism versus antirealism debate is one that is related in some way to almost every branch of philosophy of science (Chakravartty, 2016). It has often been the case that astronomy has been the source wider questions regarding realism in science more generally.

In my worldview, I say that there are different names and labels we use to structure or construct our own reality. Therefore, I take a nominalist stance when it comes to ontology. We all have our own understanding of reality and we all interpret the world around us in different ways. People may experience the same thing, but feel differently towards it. Everything that happens has multiple and intersubjective meanings.

Epistemology suggests the speculation of data embedded in the theoretical perspective and along these lines in the procedure. There are three branches of epistemology, which are positivism, constructivism and Interpretivist. Positivism has been viewed as a utilization of science, in light of the way that it assumes learning has been existed in target conviction. Constructivism and Interpretivist are not exactly the same as positivism, constructivism considered the diverse people make this open space. Besides, follows that learning could illuminate any marvel. (Quinlan, 2011).

Epistemology studies knowledge, it’s boundaries/limits, it’s “spheres” and the tangibility of how much we understand and are aware of our understanding.

Realism was founded on the concept of studying life and society as accurately as possible

There are plenty of ways and practices available to managers, practitioners and educators to carry out their businesses for the persuasion of required goals, this vast array of choice and awareness make them ambitious to decide which one is workable and which one is not and this make them always keep on trying one and other technique, method or/and process and at this point according to Pfeffer and Sutton(2006) evidence rescue them to decide which one is the right one. This essay, focusing on this respect, will be a critical reading and analysis of strengths and weaknesses to Rousseau’s (2006) article on ‘Is there such a thing as “Evidence –Based Management”. This essay will first introduce how if evidence based management helps managers.