Decision-Making Process Paper

The issue of ethical decision making has become more important in recent years for a variety of reasons. An understanding of ethical decision making in organizations is more significant to the development of organizational science. Managers engage in decision-making behavior affecting the lives and well-being of others. The individual responds to an ethical dilemma with cognitions determined by his or her cognitive moral development stage.

The integration of predictive signals and sensory signals from an actual movement allows for accurate motor execution. Judgment of temporal order refers to certain arrangements of events in time (Keetels et al. 2012). The research paper “Predicting Future Sensorimotor States Influences Current Temporal Decision Making” (Hermosillo et al. 2011), describes an experiment where participants had to complete a temporal order judgment task (TOJ) where they were told to follow specific instructions on limb movement such as crossing or uncrossing arms. At the same time, they conducted vibrotactile stimulation and measured how it affected their decision-making. The main focus and finding of the paper demonstrated that planning limb movements (crossing/uncrossing arms) have some influence on judgments of temporal order, which suggests that the human brain is able to predict sensory consequences

In order to make ethical decisions, it is helpful to think about several questions, including: 1) who will be impacted by the decision, 2) who will benefit from the decision, and 3) who will suffer from the decision.

2. Guides, customer records, and work force documents will keep on being requested into courts in light of the fact that the legitimate framework believes the documentation contains data expected to settle on choices about youngster care, automatic hospitalization, and a wide cluster of different circumstances, including assertions of deceptive conduct. Absence of trustworthiness and ineptitude and in addition lost, fragmented, and insufficient graphs can be hurtful to the client and the counselor.

The thing that separates humans from animals is mankind’s ability to make decisions. One makes many different choices every day. Whether the decision concerns a matter of great importance, like voting for a new president, or just a simple everyday decision, like what one should eat for breakfast, each decision affects one’s own life or another’s life. Making good choices, however, is easier said than done. Over the ages, many people have found themselves in a difficult situation due to unfortunate decision-making.

Making sound ethical decisions require an intentional process that utilizes thoughtful reflection, supervision/consultation, and action. Many ethical decision making models exist and the seven-step model introduced by Forester-Miller and Davis (1996) is a succinct amalgamation of these earlier models. The model by Forester-Miller and Davis (1996) follows seven progressive steps: (a) identify the problem, (b) apply the ACA Code of Ethics (2014), (c) determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma, (d) generate potential courses of action, (e) consider the potential consequences of all options and determine a course of action, (f) evaluate the selected course of action, and (g) implement the course of action.

The rational decision-making model describes a series of steps that decision makers should consider if their goal is to maximize the quality of their outcome. In other words, if you want to make sure that you make the best choice, going through the formal steps of the rational decision-making model may make sense. The following are the steps taken to come to a rational decision: 1. Identify the problem, 2. Establish decision criteria, 3. Weigh decision criteria, 4. Generate alternatives, 5. Evaluate the alternative, 6. Choose the best alternative, 7. Implement the decision, 8. Evaluate the decision.

Organizational behavior helps managers to improve the organization in a good way. Decision making process is the one of the behavior in human organizational behavior. According to McShane and Von Glinow (2000), “decision making a conscious process of making choices among one or more alternatives with the intention of moving toward some desired state of affairs”. Decision making is a linear process and it includes six steps such as identifying the problems, gather and evaluate data, list and evaluate alternatives, select best action, implement the decision and getter feedback (refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1).

Ford and Richardson (1994) the model of ethical decision-making is generally detached by individual factors and situational factors, which in situational factors is the most important.

When doing anything retrospectively, it means one is going back in time to older materials. Retrospective acquisitions means you are filling in gaps or buying historically significant resources that you should have in your collection (http://eduscapes.com/collection). When selecting retrospective materials for a collection, there needs to be a certain criteria to follow and things that need to be taken into consideration such as how important it is to the research being conducted, the importance of the item to the collection and the cost of acquisition and preservation, if the item is very old.

The decision is to select an action among a number of actions that solves a given problem, that prevents a problem from happening, or that forces to apply new ideas for development. The need for understanding decision making process is increasing because the complexity of modern organizations is increasing, and because the modern organizations' effectiveness depends on the decisions made by the managers. The question is how to select the most appropriate action to solve the problem satisfying all stakeholders.

Making consistently ethical decisions is difficult. Most decisions have to be made in the context of economic, professional and social pressures, which can sometimes challenge our ethical goals and conceal or confuse the moral issues. In addition, making ethical choices is complex because in many situations there are a multitude of competing interests and values. Other times, crucial facts are unknown or ambiguous. Since many actions are likely to benefit some people at the expense of others, the decision maker must prioritize competing moral claims and must be proficient at predicting the likely consequences of various choices. An ethical person often chooses to do more than the law requires and less than the law allows.

The importance of decision making in individual daily life and in organization level was demonstrated by two scientists, Arkes and Hammond (1992), in ‘Judgment and Decision making’ indentified the four types of information which decision maker requires constructing a decision tree.

Amazon.com, Inc. is a multinational American e-commerce company. Jeff Bezos found the company on July 5, 1994 (Smith, Rupp, & Offodile,2017). If one considers the revenue, it is the world’s largest internet company. After delivering fresh fruits and vegetables at customers’ doorstep, Amazon.com, Inc. is trying to enter the multibillion dollar prescription drug market. Amazon.com, Inc is known to extensively research any market before entering it. Amazon.com, Inc. is expected to announce its new venture within a period of two years. The drug supply chain is complex and difficult to manage. Therefore, the company is expected to include drug

A serious cognitive error is "the anchor effect" - the effect of anchoring. One example that illustrates this "shortcut" thinking is a study of a group of German judge with over 15 years experience. In the experiment, they were read a description of a case in which the defendant was caught stealing in a shop, and before deciding punishment, judges were asked to throw two dice. They were rigged so that amounted to either 3 or 9. Then they were asked to decide the proper punishment for the defendant. Although dice should not affect the decision of experienced specialists,