Decision Making and E. Job Rotation

Technology greatly transformed American agriculture from just plain farming to commercial farming. The mechanization of farming made farming easier and more profitable. As shown in Document D technology was helping farmers, making farming more easier and they were able to do many jobs quicker. But, Farmers couldn’t afford to send crops to other places At the beginning of the 1840s the railroad began to transform American agriculture, by the 1860’s all states east of the Mississippi had rail service. As shown in Document B there were multiple railroads all around the country. The farmers were ecstatic about this new technology because they could send their crops to other areas, when before they didn’t have the money to be able to do so. Other new technologies were arriving such as the mechanical reaper and the steel plow.

Industrialization and urbanization that happened in America after the civil war, is a good manifestation that the country was moving along the right path. After the war, progress in terms of investments, industrialization and urbanization was inevitable. After the civil war in America, people from the south who had been displaced and the people who were free could now move to the west to work in the cattle drives, fight the Indians and also begin a new life as farmers. Social Darwinism philosophy was adopted, and everyone believed that the poor had the right to be rich. The paper will focus on the right path that the country followed in the feudalism period between 1865 and 1914 when the country became a feudal society based on the capital and not on the land.

The principle of _______________ means that each person should know to whom they report, and that managers should have the right to give orders and expect others to follow.

During the late 1800's, America grew to become one of the nation’s leading industrial nations. The first industrial revolution had changed its pace from working on factories to the advanced transportation in the west

7.) Comparison - In what different ways did the Agricultural Revolution take shape in various part of the world?

Social, economic, and political changes derived from the Market Revolution in America. This suggests the many changes for better or worse the United States experienced during 1800-1860. The first impact was economic growth from the many types of machinery utilized to produce a product and the increasing number of industries in the North. By implementing factories, brought workers with raw materials out of their homes and shops into centralized location causing rapid mass production utilizing capital machinery and concentrated energy as coal (Adams, 1982). Therefore, new forms of transportation resulted from the steam engine to provide adequate travel by river and railroads, i.e. train, then adding new roads and canals to the improvements allowed

“Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other concerted activities for collective bargaining or other mutual aid and protection”.

The Court held an employer could not be compelled by the Act to do so if other channels of communication are available that allows the union to reach the employees, provided that the employer does not discriminate against the union by allowing other distributions. The Supreme Court stated that so long as the circumstances of the employment do not "place the employees beyond the reach of reasonable union efforts to communicate with them," respect for the employer 's property rights allow it to prohibit nonemployee access to its property. In doing so, the Court specifically differentiated the access rights of employees from those of nonemployees. The distinction [between employees and nonemployees] is one of substance. No restriction may be placed on the employees ' right to discuss self-organization among themselves unless the employer can demonstrate that a restriction is necessary to maintain production or discipline. Republic Aviation Corp. v. Labor Board, 324 U.S. 793, 803. But no such obligation is owed nonemployee organizers.” Ted Scott and Sara B. Kalis, Littler Mendelson, P.C.1.

To provide information on how employee fulfill the obligations of their positions when work arrangements wherein employees are given greater scheduling freedom.

America tends to be more of an aggressive culture. Americans tend to strive to be the best in what they do. Not only do they compete nationally they also compete with other international organizations. Many organizations have an open door policy. Employees usually must go to their supervisor and depending on the severity of the issue then they will be able to meet with upper management. This allows for a casual relationship between employees. The management style has changed to focus on leadership skills. Many believe that being a leader can lead to management skills since it can boost employee morale. Decisions are also mostly done by the leader. Most organizations usually performance evaluations which can lead to rewards and repercussions

The Hawthorne Experiments were conducted between 1927 and 1932 at the works of the Western Electric Company in Chicago. Basically the aim of these experiments was to ” attempt to reduce worker dissatisfaction and resist trade union influence by the putting in place of a paternalistic package of social and recreational benefits calculated to sustain workers “loyalty” (Sheldrake 105:1996). Many little assignments were conducted in hope of putting into practice the above theory.

| The Hawthorne Effect was first discovered in the 1920s and 1930s, during a research program studying productivity among workers at the Western Electrical Company’s Hawthorne Works in Chicago (McCartney et. al, 2007). It was observed that no matter what circumstantial changes were made, the productivity of the workers increased. This observation was hypothesized as workers performance increased due to an increase of individual attention. In today’s research, the Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity where individuals alter their behavior to highlight improved aspects of their characteristics during observation.

     Work change is further complicated by the fact that is does not produce a direct adjustment as in case of air molecules. Instead, it operates trough each employee’s attitudes to produce a response that is conditioned by feelings toward the change. This relationship was illustrated in a series of classic experiments by Roethlisberger and his associates. In one instance lighting was improved regularly according to the theory that better lighting would lead to greater productivity. As was expected, productivity did increase. The lighting was decreased to illustrate the reverse effect-reduced productivity. Instead, productivity increased further! Lighting was again decreased. The result was still greater productivity! Finally, lighting was decreased to 0.06 of a footcandle, which is approximately equivalent to moonlight. According to Roethlisberger, “Not until

According to Elton Mayo and F.J.Reothlisberger, the reason for the increased production, regardless of the alternating conditions in some of the studies (wages, illumination, breaks, etc...) was due to the workers feelings; that they were the source of attention, which was defined by them as the Hawthorne effect (Khai 2010).

The Illumination experiments(to determine the effects of changes in illumination on productivity) were the initial ones. Here, even though the lighting was changed i.e. increased and decreased, the productivity always increased. Also when the lights were dimmed until it was to dark in the factory, the productivity