Deconstructing the Constructivism

Though the start of the modernisation may trace back to the beginning of Industrial Revolution. “Modernism in the design world did not exist in a fully developed form, until well after First World War.” (Wilk, 2006) Causing the great loss of lives and other countless damage to the world, it reshaped many people’s way of thinking the world. With the inspiration of early avant-garde movement, the modernism began to emerge advocating an utopian future and shared certain core principles by various styles of modernists: rejecting the past and applied ornament; forms follow function, a preference for

The discipline of international relations (IR) is one that has witnessed a multitude of variations and shifts. It has produced a fair amount of debate between academics within the international relations scholarship. Due to a plethora of circumstances scholars have subjected the traditional rationalist theories of neorealism and neoliberalism to critical re-evaluations. As a result, constructivism is a concept that has emerged as an alternative approach to dominant IR theories. It focuses on the importance of state identities in defining and gaining knowledge of state interests, actions and goals. There are theorists who purport that the rise of constructivism allows for a further understanding of another international theory, feminism.

The social construct of reality is the historical process by which our experiences become categories and treated as things (Roy 5). Historical process is the process itself in which an idea becomes reified over time thus becoming accepted and used normally (Roy 19). Defining the social construction of reality as a historical process is the formation of accepted categories over a period of time; in other words, the “facts” that were once just ideas, “take on a reality of their own” (Roy 19) thus being the process of how things become a reality.

Frank Gehry’s deconstructivism evolution is showcased by the use of non-traditional materials, conscientious detail to the building’s intended use which elevates his architecture into

Modernism was in effect expelled from Germany and many of its champions emigrated overseas as Hitler described modern art as “Bolshevist art”” in his autobiography “Mein Kampf” and “criticized the Weimar Republic for its alleged cultural weaknesses”.(Architecture and Politics in Germany )

To fully appreciate the differences and similarities between Postmodernism and Modernism, it is required to understand exactly what they are. Modernism is the term we give to the accumulated creations and activities of designers in the early 20th century, who had the theory that traditional forms of literature, religion, social organization, and most of all, art and architecture, had become outdated in the new social, political, and economic environment of a fully industrialised world. One of the main characteristics of Modernism is self-consciousness, which typically caused exstensive experimentations of form and function. The creative process of generating work was also explored, forming new techniques in design. Modernism rejected all ideology of realism and prefers to reference and parody works of the past. Postmodernism, on the other hand, is a radical rejection of Modernist design. Taking place in the late 20th century, it is a movement in art, criticism, and architecture that disputes the majority of modernist tendencies. The Postmodernist analysis of society and culture lead to the expansion of critical theory and advanced the works of architecture, literature, and design. This entire re-evaluation of the western value system of popular culture, love, marriage, economy, that took place from the 1950s and 60s, leading to the peak of the Social Revolution in 1968, is commonly referred as Postmodernity which influenced postmodern thought, as opposed to the term

Many theories and explanations explaining the actions and existence of ISIS, and how it might be overcome in order to ensure the safety and security of countries worldwide. Two competing theories – realism and constructivism – give us much to consider about how we understand and react current events and future ones: “How a state manages those opportunities and obligations depends on its definition of the threat, its understanding of the players involved, and its assumptions about capabilities and responses both at home and abroad. In other words, a state must make a decision to balance the hard facts of realism with the potential of a more liberal foreign policy.” (Buros, 2011). Another thing to consider is the rest of the community: “How a state responds to that threat relies on basic assumptions made regarding the threat, capabilities of themselves and their allies, and the willingness of the international community to acquiesce to perceived aggression.” (ibid). Generally put, the proclaimed Islamic State (ISIS or ISIL) flourished with instability and a weak government in Iraq. With previous ties to Al Qaeda, its involvement in fighting against Bashar al-Assad and capture of land in Iraq and Syria, coupled with extreme violent methods and rhetoric gave the region enough to be concerned about. How this occurred can be explained a few ways.

Modernism was the movement that took place in Europe during the turn of the twentieth century, where the effects of industrialization, mass politics and other developments in society caused a change in the way people thought. One of the best ways to look at the changes in society is through the society 's culture because people’s work, whether they were scientists, psychologists, philosophers, or artists, show these themes and changes. Some of the major changes seen through these works during modernization include a movement away from Enlightenment ideas, a development of self-expression, a focus on irrationality, and a growing importance of technology and scientific ideas, and a great example to look towards for these changes are Vincent van Gogh and his art work.

When I visited the De Young Museum, I found a lot of postmodernism architectures and sculptures. After took off the bus, the first sight is the full picture of De Young Museum and the twist tower. Through the analysis of the structure of twist tower, the designer cut off the entity, to add, to reshape and to deform the modeling. Then divided them into modules stratified, partially distorted, and eventually became a postmodern architecture. This is the so-called deconstruction. The main idea is to use nonlinear or non Euclidean geometry to form the deformation of the relationship between architectural elements.

The United States is clearly one of the biggest and most influential political leaders of the world. This title that is bestowed upon the United States however, leads it to the particularly hard issue of being at the center of many global events, problems, and decisions. The way America deals with its role in the world is crucial to maintaining balance in the world and safety and prosperity in our own borders. In order to accomplish this the United States needs to acquire a Constructivist point of view to shape its hegemonic place in the world. Constructivist theory will allow the United States to tackle issues on a case-by-case basis. If the United states understands that in order to deal with international relations we must look at historically and socially important differences of world regions then the United states will be able to thrive. This theory allows the United States to construe plans thoughtfully and rationally as opposed to other theories. Applying constructivism to real world events can further prove how adopting this theory will benefit the United States.

Modernism was a movement that was developed during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Modernism developed due to the changes happening in societies at the time. Around the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century there was a rise in the industrial society’s where there were advancements in technologies and machines, and a rapid growths in cities. This lead to a change in cultural trends and philosophies, which is known as modernism. Modernism was well known for the rejection on traditional way, such as the arts and beliefs. It rejected the idea of realism and religious beliefs. During these years modernism could be distinguished by two aspects, High and Low Modernism.

Jacques Lacan and Louis Althusser, post-structuralist philosophers and intellectual theorists, have expanded the confines of the human subject (Pauker). Addressing it from opposite academic disciplines they deal with many similar topics however expressed in different ways. As each independently discusses the self awareness of the human subject, many ties can be formed between these two theorists, both arguing that a subject is misrecognized and constructed differently to the traditional Cartesian Subject. Beginning with Lacan’s “The Mirror Stage,” he uses psychoanalysis to develop a new understanding of the intellectual development in babies, as he explains that when a child from six to eighteen months views itself in a mirror there is a “…transformation that takes place in the subject when he [sic] assumes an image” (Lacan 72). This transformation is the acknowledgement of the baby as a whole, instead of a “fragmented body,” here the baby sees itself apart from its mother and begins to view the world around them as an individual (Lacan 74). In Althusser’s “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses,” human subjectivity is formed through social interaction. Althusser uses the example of a policeman hailing an individual by saying, “Hey you there!” this recognition by the individual “…’transforms’ the individuals into subjects… by that very precise operation which I have called interpellation” (Althusser 55). It is evident through these broad summaries of Lacan’s and

Social constructivism’s origins are largely attributed to Lev Vygotsky (1978). Vygotsky believed that social constructivism is the idea that learning occurs when people are socially active; in other words, learning is created through our interaction with others. In a constructivist style classroom, the focus shifts from the teacher teaching the students to the students teaching each other and having more control over what they learn by asking questions and coming up with their own conclusion on things (2016). This style of teaching can be very successful when the teacher provides enough scaffolding. In a typical classroom, you have a teacher standing in the front of the room lecturing to students while they sit and take notes on the information being given so they can spit it back up for a test they will have at the end of the unit. In the constructivist style classroom, the students are pushed to be more active and engaged in their learning process (Education Theory). The teacher creates an environment where students are urged to speak up and share what they think and have the class run more on a student run process. The teacher’s role in this style is not to sit and lecture information but rather engage students actively to find this information on their own and discover it so that it creates more meaning and provides a better understanding. The main goal in this type of learning environment is problem solving. This style of teaching promotes self-guidance and can even

This essay will critically discuss the development of Post Modernism as a reaction to Modernism and the growth of the architectural style as an individual movement.

Deconstructionism developed in late 1980s by postmodern architecture. The core theory is deconstruction that eliminates construction then forms it together in different way. The first time of deconstruction speak of was Jacques Derrida in 1920s, after that a lot of architect influenced by him, like Peter Eisenman who designed The Wexner Center in OSU. Deconstruction is the critical of stands on modernist orthodoxy principles. It uses modernism vocabulary, but reversed and reform construction of the relationship between the various and vocabularies. It also negated the traditional basic design principles (aesthetics, mechanics, function) in the logical, then process a new meaning of the style of architecture. With the idea of decomposition, emphasizing the broken and overlay, restructuring, and attaches great importance to the individual and the widget itself, against the unity and create a fragmented and uncertainty feeling for the building. In the essence, the deconstruction is not as popular as the Russia 's structuralism in 1920’s, the Dutch style in 1918-1928, or the German Bauhaus design academic style in 1919-1933. Those styles become the source of a movement with no more modernism, internationalism design that decade of power control design on the trend. However, for deconstruction, it is still a kind of person, small-part experiment. It has more expressive and special personal