Decrease Glomerular Filtration Rate ( Gfr ) And The Development Of Hrs ( Munoz )

Patients: N1 (female, age: 24, weight: 58kg); N2 (female, age: 26, weight: 65kg), N3 (female, age: 23, weight: 59kg), A3 (male, age: 29, weight: 99kg), C3 (male, age: 30, weight: 75kg), and A3 (female, age: 23, weight: 58kg). A colorimetric assay was employed to measure the levels of creatinine in serum and urine samples The measured creatinine concentration was anaylsed holistically by adjusting creatinine concentration by age, weight and gender, and hydration. Patient kidney function was measured by the glomerular filtration rate

The serum creatine levels, the BUN, the urinary potassium, the serum pH and sodium clacium are high.

The reason I have chosen the medication therapy is for five reasons: the individual will have less drop in potassium levels with a potassium sparing diuretic (Lehne, 2013). The individual will be on Klor-con to assist with keeping the potassium levels within the normal range only if not on a potassium sparing diuretic. Lasix will help with prevention of ascites, by removing the excess fluid around the major organs and abdominal area (Lehne, 2013). Inderal is the drug of choice in the prevention of bleeding, due to increased pressure in the portal vein (Lehne, 2013). Finally, I would have the individual in some form of antibiotic therapy three times a week, to help prevent bacterial peritonitis (Lehne, 2013). This will decrease the mortality rate, due to multiple system organ failure caused by infection (Lehne,

Additionally, many chronic liver diseases can lead to cirrhosis. For example, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can lead to cirrhosis and is associated with obesity, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hereditary metabolic disorders such as hemochromatosis and Wilson disease can also lead to cirrhosis (McCance & Heuther, 2014). It seems the cause of cirrhosis is multifaceted. Additionally, many diseases can lead to cirrhosis and it is understandable why the etiology of cirrhosis has not been parsed out, especially because the cause can differ from a

Taylor, C. Littis, C., Lynn, P., & LeMone, P. (2015). Urinary Elimination. In S. Dickinson (Ed.),

1.   According to your lab manual, in humans the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ranges from _____ to _____ ml/minute.   80

The most telling is heavy proteinuria. This is when there is an excessive amount of protein in the urine. Asymptomatic proteinuria not in nephrotic range, can sometimes be the only sign of this condition. Microscopic hematuria, or blood in the urine, is occasionally present. Hypertension, renal dysfunction, swelling of the ankles and eyelids, rapid weight gain, foamy urine, fatigue, poor appetite, headache, itchy skin, shortness of breath, and nausea are some of the symptoms and signs that can point to a person having FSGS. The only way to know if your symptoms are related to FSGS is by first having a urinalysis done. The doctor will check your BUN (blood, urea, nitrogen) levels. For a normal kidney this level should be 7-20 mg/dL in adults, and 5-18 mg/dL in children. When kidney function decreases the BUN level

The assessments performed on this patient were vital signs, blood glucose levels and regular blood tests. The vital signs were temperature 36.5 degrees, 80 beats per minute, 20 respiratory rates, blood pressure was 140/70 and oxygen saturation was 99%. This objective data is all within normal range (Bellchambers 2015, p. 588). It is important to monitor the patients’ blood pressure as he has hypertension. This gives the healthcare professionals a baseline of his blood pressure so they can determine a difference in the patient’s health.

failure can be found by a rise in serum creatinine concentration or azotemia, which is a rise

We were told the patient had oliguria which is low urine output, the patient passed 100ml in 24 hours which is well below the normal 750ml. This indicates some serious damage somewhere in the genitourinary system but this does necessarily indicate a kidney prognosis and could be due to other organ pathologies which cause low urine output such as prostatitis or a UTI (Klahr and Miller 1998). Microscopic analysis of the urine revealed high numbers of red blood cells both burst and intact and red blood cell casts but no crystals. This is evidence for damage to the kidneys as bleeding further down the urinary tract e.g. the bladder would be less likely to result in burst cells in the urine plus the formation of red blood cell casts is an indicator of glomerular damage such as inflammation (Sigala, Biava and Hulter 1978). The dipstick confirmed the presence of protein at 30mg/dL and also showed there were 250 ERY/uL with normal glucose levels. While the protein level is not that high, the number of red blood cells is huge, this is a clear indicator of glomerular damage as the filtration membrane is clearly not functional, as there are blood cells in the urine, the fenestrated endothelium is likely damaged. The GFR of 20 ml/min/1.73m2 is extremely low, indicating severely decreased function (Medsci 301 Course Guide 2015), providing further evidence for damage to the glomerulus as this is where filtration occurs. When observing the photomicrographs, the glomeruli are hard to see amongst large amounts of hyaline material, there is clearly an exudate in capsular space and there are large numbers of inflammatory cells. All these factors point to inflammation as the cause of the damage as this would cause the deposition of the hyaline material, lead to the exudate as vascular permeability is increased and also lead to the infiltration of immune cells into the reactive tissue.

Daily maintenance = 1500 ml + 20ml( IBW-20) = 1500 ml + 20 ml( 61.6-20)= 2332 ml for 24 hours or 97ml per hour

In Kidney failure cases urea, creatine, uric acids and electrolytes move from the blood to the dialysate with the net effect of lowering their concentration in the blood. RBC s WBC s and plasma proteins are too large to diffuse through the pores of the membrane. Hemodialysis patient are exposed to 120 to 130 L of water during each dialysis treatment. Small molecular weight substances can pass from the dialysate in to patient’s blood. So the purity of water used for dialysis is monitored and controlled.

Perform a urinalysis when possible to find levels of Specific Gravity (how concentrated the urine is), pH, Protein, Blood, Nitrites, Leukocytes, Ketones, Glucose and Bilirubin. The results of this test can help identify any possible impairment in renal function and identify the presence of an infection (Vera, 2011).

Mr. Armstrong has a history of renal insufficiency and uncontrolled hypertension, along with symptoms of fatigue, pedal edema, and occasional shortness of breath. He does not have a history of trauma or obstruction to his kidneys, but his creatinine and BUN levels are currently at 3.5 mg/dl and 40 mg/dl. Normal creatinine concentration values are 0.7 to 1.2 mg/dl and normal BUN values are 10 to 20 mg/dl; this reveals that Mr. Armstrong’s kidneys are not removing wastes properly (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014).  Mr. Armstrong’s history of renal insufficiency and uncontrolled hypertension is commonly found in patients diagnosed with intrarenal (intrinsic) acute renal failure. Intrarenal acute renal failure can be categorized as

For instance, serum markers such as blood urea nitrogen and creatinine require at least a day to show a response after an injury which results in a delay of therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers for renal ischaemic injury could be monitored in the blood or urine. Therefore, another crucial goal in IRI research is to find reliable and predicted biomarkers that related to an injury.