Definition : Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence )

Intelligent quotient test is defined as a test that has been formulated and it is often used to measure human intelligence. There are many different types of IQ tests that are used to determine the level of intelligence between different test subjects. IQ testing has a wide range of application and in different specialized professions. Human resource managers have applied IQ testing as part of the tests administer during interviewing process. However, IQ testing has a wide application in research field where they are used to measure different traits across cultures or races. IQ testing has attracted many controversies, most of which support the assertion that IQ testing is indeed biased. This essay will present arguments in support of this standpoint.

Despite the current scientific and philosophical blockades, I will argue that the mind-body problem is soluble. The mind-body problem concerns how consciousness fits into the scientific and physical world. Consciousness seems to many to be irreducible past the point of subjective character experience. It is scientifically baffling at this point in time that the firing of neurons can give rise to this qualitative experience. Physicalists believe that everything can be explained once a language of perfect physics is developed; a seemingly logical conclusion given the constant overturning of previously believed non-physical facts by physics. However, as I will outline, respected philosophers such as Frank Jackson, Joseph Levine, Thomas Nagel and Colin McGinn believe that there are rational reasons to deny physicalism; their arguments complicate the solubility of the mind-body problem. I will explore each of those philosopher’s arguments below then move on to explain why I believe the mind-body problem is soluble. Firstly, I will briefly discuss physicalism, the most promising lead on route to the solution of the mind-body problem.

Mind and Body problem has remained a mystery for ages and maybe, it will remain a mystery forever because there is no real answer to this problem. This is because one can either believe it scientifically or one can believe religiously, both are distinct in their own arguments. Philosophers have struggled to explain this problem for many centuries. This metaphysical problem arises from two basic observations-we have a mind as in a soul and thoughts, and we have a physical body as in movements and events. There are two well known explanations to the mind and body problem. They are known as dualism and physicalism also known as materialism.

Since 1904, when it was created by British Psychologist Charles Spearman who collected data from several villages surrounding his home he concluded that the correlations amongst the multiple variables could best be explained by assuming that there was a single factor of mental ability that underlay them[12]. And thus the theory of the “g” factor and model was born. One year later French Psychologist Alfred Binet created the first usable I.Q. test that had the purpose “ to help identify learning-disabled children who needed special schools”. Binet himself even warned that “ a ‘brutal pessimism’ would follow if his test was ever mistaken as a measure of a fixed, unchangeable intelligence” [13] In 1912, American psychologist and eugenicist, Henry Goddard was hired by immigration authorities to do “quality control” [13] at Ellis Island due to the massive amount of Eastern and Southern

The Imitation Game made you think about if machines really can or cannot think. Alan was a brilliant mathematician and a very important person in World War II. He created a machine to break enigma so that the Allies could understand the messages the Nazi’s were sending out. In the movie there was a scene where Alan was being questioned about a paper he wrote titled “The Imitation Game.” Within the paper he is discussing if machines can or cannot think. Alan points out that the wrong question being asked is “can machines think?” Machines are different from humans, so they will think differently. Just like it is with two different people who do not think the same way. He created a machine that thought differently to break enigma, and it

When we think about the mind body problem, it seems like a conundrum that has been around for centuries which philosophers have not arrived at an agreement as to how to resolve this problem.

In the philosophical world there is a constant controversial debate of the mind body problem. This debate focuses on the different interpretations of the brain and its correlation to the consciousness. Philosophical theorists have used several approaches to explain this extremely subjective matter. The idea that the conscious being apart of the body or mental is diverse and theoretically proven to an indirect statement in comparison to the various arguments provided. Thus one may need to take a direct approach to explaining the phenomena. Many may believe that there is no precise accurate answer, but this vindicated perspective gives a clear and concise understanding to an oblivious reader. Of the four arguments, I find the functionalism perspective to be the most accurate in explaining the mind body phenomenon.

Alan Turing put this argument forward in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence”. His opening pages of the paper begin with the words; "I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?” (Alan Turing 1950). My main argument to this is that a computer does not have the ability to think, primarily because it was created rather than ‘born and raised’.

The Wechsler scales are a measure used to assess intelligence of people; as with any measure, it is important to evaluate the validity and reliability of the measure. Intelligence, for psychometric tests, refers to the innate overall cognitive ability. There are four versions of the Wechsler scales: the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 4th edition (WISC-IV; Wechsler, 2003) for children aged 6-16, the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence Revised for children aged 4 - 6 1/2 (WPPSI-R; Wechsler, 1989) the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 4th edition (WAIS-IV; Wechsler, 2008) and the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence 2nd edition for adults (WAIS-R; Wechsler, 1981).

The mind-body problem has been pondered on for many centuries about how are the soul or mind, which holds beliefs, thoughts, and actions are related to the physical body. Rene Descartes would separate the mind and body into two different categories. This will be called Cartesian Dualism or Descartes’ theory of the mind, where the mind is immaterial and can only hold mental stuff while the body can only be involved with physical things and movements. The other side of this argument would be the absence of the mind and only the brain exists, therefore our brain is the origin for our thoughts, beliefs, and experiences. This leads to the fundamental problem of dualism: how does an intangible thing (mind) can interact with a physical thing (body)?

Not to be outdone, Wechler developed intelligence scales for both adults and children (WAIS & WISC). The scales are in two parts VERBAL AND PERFORMANCE, giving a clear picture of the person's IQ; by identifying their strength and weaknesses in specific areas .The information can be used in planning individualized instruction programs.

For these tests William Stern, a German psychologist, derived an intelligence quotient or IQ. The formula used to derive an IQ was a person's mental age, divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100 ( ratio of the mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100).

One of the Charles Spearman proposed his intelligence tests on general ability, g, dismissing external factors in the contribution of intelligence, and scoring was determined only by the factor g (Tugoy, 2003). Wechsler disagreed and defined intelligence as the individual’s universal ability to “act purposefully, to reason and to affect his environment” (Kezer & Arik, 2012, p. 2105). In contrast to Spearman’s intelligence tests, which consists only of cognitive

The researchers during the era of psychometrics and behaviorism believed that intelligence is single, inherit entity. In contrary to this notion an increasing number of researchers and psychologists now believed that individuals are born with and possess different levels of ability. The researcher can support their argument by the use of intelligence tests. Gardner (1993) expresses this view elegantly, stating that “there exist a multitude of intelligence, quite independent of each other, that each intelligence has its own strengths and constraints; that the mind is far from unencumbered at birth; and that it is unexpectedly difficult to teach things that go against naïve theories that challenge the natural lines of force within an intelligence and its matching domains.” Howard Gardner viewed intelligence as “the capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural settings.”(Gardner and Hatch, 1989)

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test History was first founded by psychologist David Wechsler and published in 1955 This intelligence test was made to be able to measure intelligence in adults and older adolescents. Wechsler believed that intelligence was not found in one single intelligence factor but of numerous diverse mental capabilities. He did not view or agree with the Binet intelligence because he viewed that a person intelligence was founded in multiple factors.