Degradation Of The Paracetamol Drug Using Lanthanum Doped Zno Nanoparticles

Acetic Anhydride and p-Aminophenol were heated in a vial attached to an air condenser to synthesize crude acetaminophen, resulting in 0.097 grams (47.48% yield). The crude acetaminophen was then recrystallized in a solvent of water and methanol over heat resulting in 0.082 grams (39.61% yield) of pure acetaminophen. Melting points of both crude and pure acetaminophen were taken, and found to be 165.9 - 170.9°C and 168.2 - 171.5°C, respectively. The literature melting point of acetaminophen is 169.5 – 171.0°C, indicating that our final product was pure.

This is largely because they are relatively cheap and simple to manufacture. Furthermore, they produce vibrant shades of color and are reasonably soluble in water (Liu, Wan, Nan, n.d.). However, these dyes are now manufactured at such a large scale that they bring up numerous health and environmental concerns. In recent years azo dyes, especially Allura Red AC, have been connected to child hyperactivity, which also raises concerns over other potentially toxic effects they can have on living organisms (“FDA Probes Link”, 2011). This is only amplified by the fact that azo dyes such as Allura Red AC and Azo Grenadine are also especially recalcitrant to conventional methods of wastewater treatment. Research on this topic led me to an article on electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and their potential as a solution to mineralizing especially recalcitrant compounds in the environment, "Decontamination of Wastewaters Containing Synthetic Organic Dyes by Electrochemical Methods: A Review." This led me to pursue the investigation in my extended essay on the topic of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and the effect they have on azo dyes such as Allura Red AC and Azo Grenadine. In order to evaluate the effect of this process, I made the decision to do a comparison of the two dyes. This led me to the question, “How does the effect of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes vary between Allura Red AC and Azo

(1) However, many uses for lanthanum have been developed that have had a great impact on society. According to Emsley, although there are no commercial uses for pure lanthanum metal, there are many for its alloys. That of lanthanum and nickel (LaNi5) for example, is extremely good at absorbing hydrogen gas. As a powder, it can absorb as much as 400 times its own volume and is being investigated as a storage system for hydrogen. Lanthanum is also the core material in carbon-arc electrodes for film and photographic studio lights and for floodlighting. Lanthanum Oxide is added to the glass for making lenses because it improves its refractive index, and lanthanum salts are included in the zeolite catalysts used in petroleum refining because they stabilize at high temperatures. In medical circles, a new treatment of kidney dysfunction is with lanthanum in the form of carbonate, which, when ingested, bonds to phosphate so strongly that it cannot be absorbed from the

Samantha, it does depend on where you live. The prescription pills or heroin can cost higher or cheaper than other places, depending on the access, distributor, and deals they’re having to keep an individual’s business circulating. Sometimes they offer credit until the individual get paid, rather it’s their public assistance, their paycheck, or social security check when they have had them as a client for a period of time. I’ve seen these things take place in Chicago, Illinois for a

In this experiment, luminol, a compound that produces chemiluminescence when oxidized in the presence of a base by an oxidizing agent like hydrogen peroxide, was synthesized, and its presence was confirmed by observing chemiluminescence. Cheminluminescence is the process by which a photon is released when a reaction occurs, producing light. A similar process, bioluminescence is observed in nature when fireflies and jellyfish produce light. Chemiluminescence is identical to bioluminescence, except for the fact that bioluminescence involves an enzyme, whereas chemiluminescence uses a chemical catalyst.

You might ask yourself, “How does lanthanum play a role within my everyday life”? Rare-earth elements like lanthanum play an abundant part in our daily lives. In particular, lanthanum is used in many ways such as improving our water supply, technology and health. This paper will define these uses and also elaborate on its history and properties.

Hydrolysis and photolysis tests were performed to ensure that the results were solely due to the photo-Fenton reaction. The results showed that no hydrolysis was detected, but precipitation of diclofenac occurred at a pH of 3.^4 This is because diclofenac is a very soluble, acidic pharmaceutical that becomes nearly insoluble below a pH of 4. Results obtained from the photolysis experiments show that more than 70% of the initial concentration of diclofenac decayed during the first 30 hours of irradiation, but no mineralization of diclofenac occurred. Photolysis suggests that diclofenac can be quickly decomposed, and it could possibly contribute to the reaction pathway of the photocatalytic

All the solvents, except deionized (DI) water, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (reagent grade) and distilled prior to use. All the reactants, including cysteamine (HSCH2CH2NH2), ZnSO4, MnSO4, and Na2S, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. A solution of quinine sulfate in H2SO4 (0.1 M) was purchased from Fluka to evaluate the relative quantum efficiencies of the products.

Addition of rare earth metals, especially Lanthanum (La), to ceria supports has been widely investigated. Rare earth metals are well known for their catalytic effects, and when added to ceria catalyst, provide improved thermal stability and increased activity [Wang et al., 2010]. Wang et al. (2011) studied a ceria/zirconium catalyst doped with rare earth metals La, Nd, Pr, Sm, and Y and reported that all of the metals exhibited increased activity and selectivity with La, Nd, and Pr performing the best. Gold/ceria catalysts have also been subjected to rare earth metal doping and doping with Lanthanum and Gadolinium have both shown increased catalytic acfor 48 h [33,104]. The addition of Co to Mo/C was studied by

Luminescence Nano Particles are essential tools in scientific and biomedical industries. Rare earth lanthanides Eu, Gd, Tm, Tb, Er, Nd, and Yb ions materials have great optical quality, relatively high yield of luminescence, and plasmonic studies can be applied due to optical effects observed in their structure (1). Lanthanides have spectroscopic features and their absorption and emission bands are narrow and the energies of their electronic transitions are dependent on material quality(1). The luminescence dissymmetry factor formula (gIum =IL-IR.5(IL+IR) where IL and IR are the left and right polarized emission intensities and glum=2+ means complete polarization of emitted light and glum=0 means polarized beams. Lanthanides complexes shows

Nanoparticles encapsulated photosensitizers offer several distinct advantages over free photosensitizing molecules, which include high drug loading, increased accumulation of the photosensitizer in the target cells, and inhibiting the target cell’s ability to pump out the photosensitizers [31]. Further, incorporation in the nanoparticles can protect photosensitizers from inactivation in biological environments [32]. In this study, the nanoparticles are formulated using anionic surfactant docusate sodium (aerosol OT, AOT) and a naturally occurring polysaccharide polymer sodium alginate. It has been reported that, besides improving the cellular uptake of encapsulated photosensitizers, AOT-alginate nanoparticles significantly enhanced ROS yield of photosensitizers [33]. The objective of the present study was to investigate the in vitro photodynamic efficacy of MB and TB-loaded AOT-alginate nanoparticles against both planktonic and biofilm phases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and their mixed culture. In addition, the in vitro photobactericidal efficacy of nanoparticles encapsulated dyes was compared with the respective free dyes. Our results demonstrate that the AOT-alginate nanoparticles did not improve the in vitro photodynamic efficacy of the encapsulated dyes under experimental conditions.

Colorimetric sensors have significant advantages for on-site and point-of-care detections because these sensing platforms can minimize or even eliminate the requirement of analytical instruments and made naked-eye observation highly achievable. The colorimetric detection of cocaine was reported based on the catalytic activity of the peroxidase mimicking (G-quadruplex DNAzyme) in the TMB–H2O2 reaction system.243 One of the aptamer fragments was modified on amine-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and another was kept in the solution. The binding of cocaine brought two fragments on the MNP, forming a three-way junction on the surface. The G-quadruplex DNAzyme then catalyzed TMB–H2O2 reaction system, producing the color change. A detection limit of 50 nM was obtained by taking the advantages of MNP separation.

1- The ammoxidation of 3-picoline to 3-nicotinonitrile (42) was induced by the influence of industrially synthesized and shaped vanadium phosphate

A highly chemo-selective and efficient method for the oxidation of sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxide in the absence of any solvent and thiols to their corresponding disulfides in ethanol with aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives in water at room temperature using heterogeneous ZnO (acac)2 catalyst grafted on mesoporous silica MCM-41 has been developed. The simplicity in operation, general applicability, Short reaction times, easy purification, high yields, mild conditions, and recyclability make this procedure more

In this experiment, Δ/Λ-[Co(en)3]Cl3∙4H2O was synthesized and the absorbance in UV-vis spectrum was recorded. Δ/Λ-[Co(en)3]Cl3∙4H2O has an εmax of 197.33 mol–1dm3cm at 466.00nm and 210.39mol–1dm3cm-1 at 338.00nm. and the colour of the crystals obtained were orange. The crude product was then reacted with L-(+)-tartaric acid and 0.59g of the