Dehydrogenase Lab Report

Hypoxia is one of the major problems associated with this increase in altitude. This is due to the fact that the partial pressure of oxygen decreases proportionately with increases in altitude. Carbon dioxide that is continually excreted from the pulmonary blood to the alveoli along with water vaporizing in the inspired air from the respiratory surfaces dilute the oxygen in the alveoli which cause the oxygen concentration to decrease.

It refers to the process of harvesting chemical energy (ATP) from organic molecules (food) into a form immediately usable by organisms. This process is happening all the time in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. The following equation is used during cellular respiration:

We used TLC analysis to identify each product obtained from the dihydroxylation reactions by spotting a TLC plate with the product of our reaction, a solution of cis-cyclohexane, trans-cyclohexane, and a 50:50 mixture of the two. We then placed the plate in a beaker with ethyl acetate saturating the atmosphere to allow the TLC plate to develop. Finally, we compared Rf values of the components of the mobile phase, after the phase was completed. 100% ethyl acetate was used instead of 100% Hexane or a mixture of Ethyl Acetate, because ethyl acetate has high polarity and can separate the components of a mixture to elution, unlike hexane, which is non-polar, and therefore unable to separate the components of the mixture. A 50:50 mixture of both would not work, because the polar and non-polar compounds would neutralize the mixture, and thereby not separate the components of the mixture.

In cellular respiration, the oxidation of glucose is carried out in a controlled series of reactions. At each step or reaction in the sequence, a small amount of the total energy is released. Some of this energy is lost as heat. The rest is converted to other forms that can be used by the cell to drive or fuel coupled endergonic reactions or to make ATP.

Introduction: Cellular respiration and fermentation are used in cells to generate ATP. All cells in a living organism require energy or ATP to perform cellular tasks (Urry, Lisa A., et al. , pg. 162). Since energy can not be created (The first law of thermodynamics) just transformed, the cell must get its energy from an outside source (Urry, Lisa A., et al. , pg.162). “Totality of an organism’s chemical reactions is called metabolism” (Urry, Lisa A., et al., pg. 142). Cells get this energy through metabolic pathways, or metabolism. As it says in Campbell biology, “Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules are called catabolic pathways” (Urry, Lisa A., et al. pg.

2. We measured 1 mL of turnip peroxidase (the enzyme) and 3 mL of neutral buffer (pH corresponding to the test tube number i.e. pH 5 in test tube 5) with a syringe and disposed it into tubes 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10

The altitude that this stage could happen in is between 5000 to 11400 ft.(3) "The body generally has the ability to stave off further effects of hypoxia by increasing the rate and depth of ventilation and cardiac output ".(1) The respiration rate, blood pressure, and the heart rate can rise up in this stage.(2) the arterial oxygen saturations in this stage is between 80 and 90 percent.(1)

Also he’s oxygen diffusion rate has increased due to the more oxygen which is absorbed by the alveoli and then circulated around the body.

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is the crucial enzyme that allows for NAD+ to be replenished during anaerobic respiration. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction that changes pyruvate to lactate after glycolysis. The reverse reaction is also possible because of LDH. The concentration of NADH/NAD+ and the substrates involved in the reactions regulate the enzyme. When there is a lot of NADH present, the LDH enzyme increases the amount of lactate created in order to regenerate NAD+. When there is a high demand for ATP, more pyruvate is made through glycolysis, causing the LDH to be more active in order to regenerate NAD+ in order to produce more ATP through glycolysis. There is a genetic condition called lactate dehydrogenase deficiency. It is an autosomal

Which type of breathing resulted in PCO2 levels closest to the ones we experimented with in this activity – normal

In most tissues of the body, ATP production primarily occurs through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of reduced intermediates, which are in turn derived from substrates such as glucose and fatty acids. In order to maintain ATP homeostasis, and cellular function, the mitochondria requires a constant supply of fuels and oxygen. In many individuals at altitude, tissue oxygen levels fall and the cell must meet this hypoxic challenge to maintain energetic and limit oxidative stress. Varying on protocols, the body can adapt to the lack of oxygen which can be increasing the mass of red blood cells and haemoglobin or changes in muscle metabolism. Depending very much on the protocols used, the body may adapt to the relative lack of oxygen in one

Organisms cannot depend solely on spontaneous reactions for the production of materials because they occur slowly and are not responsive to the organism's needs (Martineau, Dean, et al, Laboratory Manual, 43). In order to speed up the reaction process, cells use enzymes as biological catalysts. Enzymes are able to speed up the reaction through lowering activation energy. Additionally, enzymes facilitate reactions without being consumed (manual,43). Each enzyme acts on a specific molecule or set of molecules referred to as the enzyme's substrate and the results of this reaction are called products (manual 43). As a result, enzymes promote a reaction so that substrates are converted into products on a faster pace (manual 43). Most enzymes are proteins whose structure is determined by its sequence of its amino acids. Enzymes are designed to function the best under physiological conditions of PH and temperature. Any change of these variables that change the conformation of the enzyme will destroy or enhance enzyme activity(manual, 43).

Hypobaric hypoxia as experienced at high altitude causes several well-defined clinical diseases easily recognized by medical providers with experience in the mountains. These include acute mountain sickness (AMS), classic high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). These syndromes occur in mountain visitors ascending rapidly from low altitude or mountaineers at extremely high altitudes. Residents at altitudes above 2500 meters are not affected unless they travel and return to altitude, according to scientific and medical knowledge (Sophocles, 1983). Over 140 million people live at altitudes over 2800m worldwide, while another 40 million people visit places of altitude (>2500 m) annually (Ward et al., 2000). Peter Hackett MD, Director of the Institute for

generally act as a catalase that initially bring about a chemical reaction.” Enzymes play an

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