DELEGATED PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT: A SURVEY OF THE THEORETICAL LITERATURE
Livio Stracca European Central Bank
Abstract. This paper provides a selective review of the theoretical literature on
delegated portfolio management as a principal–agent relationship. The main focus of the paper is to review the analytical issues raised by the peculiar nature of the delegated portfolio management relationship within the broader class of principal– agent models. In particular, the paper discusses the performance of linear versus nonlinear compensation contracts in a single-period setting, the possible effects of limited liability of portfolio managers, the role of reputational concerns in a multiperiod framework, and the incentives to noise trading. In
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Finally, Section 6 concludes.
2. A Benchmark Single-Period Setting 2.1 Some Stylized Facts about Delegated Portfolio Management
Recent decades have witnessed a sharp increase in the institutionally managed savings, both in absolute terms and relative to household financial wealth (Davis and Steil, 2001; BIS, 2003). As a result, institutional ownership is an increasingly dominant feature of developed financial markets. Delegated portfolio management is a complex phenomenon which encompasses different segments. The mutual fund industry is predominantly characterized by middle-aged households investing individually in sometimes relatively standardized products. By contrast, pension funds are predominantly managed by corporate treasures, who often delegate the asset management to a third party, thus creating an additional layer of agency. As emphasized by Lakonishok et al. (1992b), corporate treasures often make recourse to investment counsellors for reasons which go beyond the optimization of asset allocation. Non-economic factors such as handholding and generally direct interaction are likely to play an important role in the pension fund industry, while funds allocation is more based on past performance in the mutual fund industry. Another important stylized fact of the delegated portfolio management industry is the poor performance of active management compared with a passive benchmark (Malkiel, 1995; Gruber, 1996).
The Yale Endowment is known in the financial industry as a pioneer in using a combination of innovative asset allocation and active management to produce impressive long-term performance. In fact, the Endowment produced a 17.8% average annual return, net of fees, in the ten-year period ending June 30, 2007.1 This performance is particularly impressive given that, in recent years, the Endowment portfolio has carried less than a 40% weighting in equities. Instead, under the leadership of Chief Investment Officer Dave Swensen, the Yale Investments Office
Bain’s clients’ portfolios included equities (both common and preferred) as well as fixed income securities and small amounts of cash (typically “parked” on a short term basis before being allocated to fixed income or equities). Typical portfolios were approximately 60% equities and 40% fixed income, 70% domestic and 30% international. Approximately one third of equity investments were through mutual funds. Approximately 25% of client assets were included in tax sheltered Registered Retirement Savings Plans (RRSPs). As of 1991, Bain’s clients were primarily over age 70. As of 1995, his client base had evolved to become much younger, with a median age of around 50. his clients were dominated by professionals.
PM within organizations is gaining momentum and an indispensable component of the work flow procedure. Improving organization project management can effectively improve an organization use of resources. Nevertheless, if an an organization does not possess a clean target and does not follow project phases no one willing enters into the transformational journey. The issue is the bottom line in PM, whether it is to better the organization financially, ethically, or for standardization of procedures. Constitutions must be cognizant of the elements and competencies required to receive a successful PM outcome. In the closing, business should have an active strategy to revise and adapt to the shifting marketplace.
While individual accounts do entrust much responsibility to each citizen who may be unable to handle it, personal pensions provide incentive for increased financial and political education among citizens. This increased education and knowledge allows Americans to receive the most return for their own investements of stocks, bonds, or cash. In turn, this would increase citizen participation and income and create a well-informed country on political and economic conflict both nationally and globally. Also, as a prevention of outrageous individual decisions, these accounts are also in the hands of professional asset managers, as previously mentioned by the Social Security Administration
Pensions are financial arrangements that allow individuals to receive an income stream during their retirement years (Tatum, 2011). They are found in government institutions, private businesses, professional groups and various other settings. Pensions funds can be found as a part of an institutions or as an independent plan. Pension plans are a major participant in the capital markets. For example, consider the fact that Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan has a net asset value of $96.4 billion at the end of December 31, 2009. Due to the large stake of pension plans in the local and global economy, there is a persistent pressure to improve pension accounting. These changes have gained momentum with the recent adoption of the International
Moreover, consultants help pension funds satisfy their fiduciary responsibility to plan participants. Their experience and their familiarity with diverse firms’ investment processes, personnel and operations provides them critical oversight and the capability to run more rigorous analysis. Therefore, consultants are able to provide clients with the most informed assistance on their asset allocation and manager selection decisions. The criteria to assess the suitability of different investment strategies should be driven by the client profile in terms of risk tolerance, liquidity requirements, time horizon and asset allocation. Nevertheless, a pension fund consultant is also interested in obtaining returns outperforming their competitors’ investment strategies. Therefore, TW should not only take into account their clients’ profiles (i.e. close-end and open-end funds follow different investment strategies according to their nature) but also their investment strategies performance. 2. Examine the business model of Research Affiliates as a firm and compare Research Affiliates model to that of a more traditional investment advisory firm. Put another way, how does the Research Affiliates make money, who are its customers, what services or products does it sell, how scalable is
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO Liautaud Graduate School of Business Department of Finance Professor Hsiu-lang Chen 1 Practice Problem I
Since portfolio 1 I have found that the amount of times I’ve been stressed has decreased. In the first half of the Co-Operative placement, I found myself stressed approximately 5 times, which I documented on my laptop. Since handing in portfolio 1, I haven’t had any obvious times where I’ve felt stressed, which is a good sign. This could be because the organisation hasn’t been that busy compared to usual. However, I have been focusing on trying to avoid stressors, participating in regular exercise, listening to music and spending time with people who make me feel calm and happy, which all could be contributing factors to my lower stress levels. I have found that these things have made me feel happier and therefore, I have been more willing
Pension funds are any plans, funds or schemes which provide retirement income. These funds are important to shareholders of listed and private companies and they are particularly important to the stock market which is dominated by large institutional investors. This essay discusses the idea of pension funds and the pension crises. It defines the issues of pension funds, talks about the various pensions, categorizes them, and discusses the pension crisis and its implications to the US in particular and to the world in general.
1.High Color Detergent is issuing new shares of stock which will trade on NASDAQ. If Sue purchases 300 of these shares, the trade will occur in which one of the following markets? Primary 2. Wilson just placed an order with his broker to purchase 500 of the outstanding shares of GE. This purchase will occur in which one of the following markets? Secondary 3.Hi-Tek Shoes is a private firm that has decided to issue shares of stock to the general public. This stock issue will be referred to as a(n): initial public offering4. A firm that specializes in arranging financing for companies is called a(n): investment banking firm5.The process of purchasing newly issued shares from the issuer and reselling those shares to the general public is
Over the last five years, industry revenue has moved largely in line with share market
1. Assume that at retirement you have accumulated $825,000 in a variable annuity contract. The assumed investment return is 5.5% and your life expectancy is 18 years. What is the hypothetical constant benefit payment?
The organizational design and complication of mutual funds face the challenge of organizational design in or not readily observable (Goldman). The idea that organizations may affect the portfolio funds since it's based on theoretical work on potential in which cases are managing multi division firms (Goldman).
According to Kamerschen (1984), pension funds hold their assets in the form of corporate stocks, although some other long-term claims, such as real estate, corporate bonds, government obligations, and many others are held. Such funds are usually for those into retirement and pension age, also, these retirement funds are normally chosen as a source of investment with the objective of secured and guaranteed retirement
Our target customers will particularly be the small and medium investors who are unable to avail such services as most of the financial and advisory firms mostly deal with the big ticket investors and thus the small investors have no choice but to invest their assets in passive funds in investment management companies or mutual funds companies which are subjected to index and fund manager’s performance and thus may not bring expected returns. However recent evidence of systematic departures of asset prices in the from equilibrium values, as envisaged under the market efficiency, has renewed interest in ‘active’ fund management and investment advisory services and which entails that optimal selection of stocks, and the timing of