Demand Of Fossile Fuel There Is Need For Study A Number Of Renewable Sources

In internal combustion engines, the availability input (Ain) which is contained in the chemical availability of fuel is converted into shaft availability or useful work (As), availability transferred to the cooling water (Aw), availability transferred to the exhaust gases (Ae) and uncounted availability destruction (Ad) due to radiation friction, heat transfer to the surrounding, etc.Perturbation techniques [Moffat (1982), Bora et al. (2014)] are used for carrying out uncertainty analysis for various parameters of engine performance. The relative errors of the independent parameters which are obtained from the manual of the equipment and a few are estimated. Some of these are engine speed (0.5%), engine load (0.5%), liquid fuel flow rate (1%), biogas flow rate (2%), lower heating value (LHV) of liquid fuel (1%), LHV of gaseous fuel (1%), height of the liquid column (0.5%), emissions (3%), etc. Based on these, the uncertainty for air fuel ratio, air flow rate, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) were found to be ±1%, , ±0.5%, ±1.5% and ±1.5% in diesel mode and

Another study conducted by journal of Applied Energy shows well-to-wheel analysis of energy produced from different types of biofuel and their impact on greenhouse gases emissions. As shown in figure 2, ethanol has lower carbon emissions compared to gasoline and diesel. Specifically ethanol is made of sugar-beet or wood has significantly lower gCO2-equevlent/km than petrol fuels, while wheat ethanol produces greater emissions since fertilisers are used in its production process. [3]

In the automotive world, efficiency and power are two elements of vehicle performance metrics that while important to many consumers and critics alike, appear to be elusive when in convolution with one another. In automotive history, good fuel efficiency equaled compromises in power and performance and vehicles with large displacements and torque usually had worse gas mileage. The exception to this rule were diesel engines, which managed to combine better efficiency than many four-cylinder gas engines while providing very high torque number for better performance. The main drawback that diesel’s faced was due to their stigma of being dirty, as they emitted more greenhouse gases including nitrous and sulfur oxides. Coupled with the stricter emissions that many states began to implement, primarily overseen by the EPA, it became harder for car manufactures to certify diesel engines for emissions while maintaining high fuel economy and power output figures. The emission control hardware and software in diesel vehicles also came at a high price and with increased complexity, both unwelcoming additions for any car company wanting to mainstream diesel’s.

The transesterification reaction procedure Transesterification reactions were carried out in a 50 mL flask equipped with a reflux condenser. The catalyst was dispersed in the desired amount of methanol with magnetic stirring. The sunflower oil was then added and the mixture was heated at reflux for appropriate time. After the reaction, the catalyst was separated by filtration and then methanol recovered by rotary evaporator at 60 °C. At last, the biodiesel and glycerol were separated within a separation funnel.

In last decade 70% engine fuel per unit of thrust has improved in aircrafts. Aerodynamics is study of force and very useful in aircraft improvements about 25% has changed which is very useful and important feature now a days (induced drag, drag reduction). Economies of scale of larger aircraft is about 5% enhanced. Aviation manufacturers are very significance for fuel economy because fuel economy has provoked in airplane manufacturers to search for new innovations that will advantageous to improve their fuel economy. The world most fuel efficient aircraft is Boeing 787, many of inventions has improved in Boeing 787. The 787’s have improved their fuel economy using composite materials for aircraft skin and complex airplane electronics

In today’s motorized life , It’s difficult to live without motor (Engines) and the main source of it’s input power is fossil fuels & partly electric power. In future these fuels or electricity may not be available widely as they are non renewable energies. So, it may be difficult to use engine with the fuels.

Diesel and gasoline engines have been each other’s competition since the 1930’s when the first diesel run car was produced. There is one main mechanical difference between these two engines; a gasoline engine ignites the gasoline with spark plugs, a lighter of sorts, and the diesel engine ignites the diesel by compressing it so much that it spontaneously combusts. Although there are a few other types of engines now, such as hybrid or electric, diesel is still superior to these.

Coal is used to produce 80% of the nation’s electricity use. This is achieved by the burning of the coal to generate steam to power the turbines to create electricity.

The formation of the other two fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas) took millions of years just like coal. Oil and gas come from the remains of small animals and plants. Long ago, when the animals and plants died, they sank to the bottom of the sea. The dead matter formed a large mass, which over time was covered by layers of sand, silt, and mud. As the weight of the sediment increased, the mass became more and more compressed. Then, the heat and pressure of the Earth eventually turned the mass into oil and gas. If the heat applied during the formation was low, then more oil was produced than gas. If the temperature was

90% of energy used in the world today is made by fossil fuels. Acid rain, global warming, and air quality are all leading problems in today 's society all because the world won 't put time and money into alternative energy. Alternative energy can effectively dwindle the amount of fossil fuels used. Alternative energy can not replace the use of all fossil fuel but any amount of alternative energy use can be effective. Methods of theses energy alternatives can save the earth from running out of fossil fuels. Also they can decrease the amount of pollution released into the air each and every day.

Most fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal are considered nonrenewable resources in that their use is not sustainable because their formation takes billions of years (Investopedia, 2014). As the nonrenewable resources become more and more scarce, the cost to obtain them will continue to gradually rise (Investopedia, 2014). Eventually, the price will become so high that users will no longer be able to afford them, forcing the change from fossil fuels to alternative energy sources (Investopedia). These alternative energy sources would include nuclear, solar, wind and hydroelectric power.

Over time there has been a growing focus towards the environmental consequences that the world faces at present due to the constant global use of fossil fuels. Increasing fuel prices and the high cost of fuel imports have caused the issue of depleting Crude Oil supplies to become a global concern. Determining whether Biofuels deliver benefits over fossil fuels requires thorough investigation into factors such as direct and indirect inputs and outputs for their full production and life cycles. Throughout this report current and well supported public data will be presented on focusses covering; fuel prices, production plant efficiencies, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and other environmental effects.

For gasoline and gasoline blended ethanol and methanol, the variation of brake thermal efficiency with Load was shown in Fig 8.1 and 8.2. It indicates the variation in brake thermal efficiency with Load. Brake thermal efficiency of basic engine and bimetallic piston engine was found to be comparable for gasoline and gasoline blended ethanol and methanol. At 880W load brake thermal efficiency of 18.9% was obtained for gasoline with basic engine whereas it was 21.38% and 20.2% using ethanol blended gasoline E20 and methanol blended gasoline M20 with basic engine respectively. At 880W load brake thermal efficiency of 20.19% was obtained for gasoline with bimetallic piston engine whereas it was 25.86% and 23.4% using ethanol blended gasoline E20 and methanol blended gasoline M20 with bimetallic piston engine respectively. Brake thermal efficiency of bimetallic piston at E20 was maximum for different loads when compared with gasoline, Brake thermal efficiency of Basic engine at E20 was maximum for different loads when compared with gasoline. Ethanol blended gasoline produces higher brake thermal efficiency compare with methanol blended gasoline and pure gasoline due to stoichiometric air requirement of ethanol blended gasoline is high compare with methanol blended gasoline and pure gasoline. Methanol blended gasoline air requirement is less and calorific value

Significant energy demands related to population growth together with environmental concerns about the effects of fossil fuel usage (e.g., global warming) resulting in more stringent legislation for engine pollutant emissions have been attracting new interest in renewable, sustainable and environmentally friendly energy resources. Many ways have been applied or employed to reduce emissions levels as well as improve engine efficiency. Some fuels additive are being investigated and they have potential of emissions limited to, keeping the extra cost to the minimum as can possible. Alcohol biofuel such as ethanol, butanol are extensively investigated and commercially used. The experimental results revealed that significantly

Thé training projéct éntitléd “To study thé pétrol (VVT énginés) and diésél (DDiS énginés)” aims to study thé différént typés of énginés uséd and manufacturéd by Maruti Suzuki. it also studiés thé various typés of probléms occurréd in thé énginés in running conditions. This projéct is a thorough study of thé VVT & DDiS énginés, théir uséfulnéss, théir éfficiéncy and théir high pérformancé dué to théir néw téchnology. it also includés thé casé studiés of thé cars which wéré réportéd to thé workshop having énginé rélatéd probléms.